Corso di laurea - Area di Scienze MM.FF.NN. - Numero di posti programmato a livello locale - Classe L-2
Lingua: Italiano
Informazioni generali
Descrizione e obiettivi formativi
Il Corso di Laurea ha lo scopo di formare operatori scientifici con conoscenze teorico-pratiche di base e con competenze applicate ai diversi settori delle Biotecnologie. Alla conoscenza delle normative e delle problematiche deontologiche e bioetiche viene affiancata una solida formazione negli aspetti fondamentali di chimica e biochimica, biologia cellulare e molecolare animale e vegetale, genetica, fisiologia generale e vegetale e microbiologia.
Gli insegnamenti prevedono attività finalizzate ad acquisire conoscenze essenziali sulla struttura e funzione dei sistemi biologici, dal livello cellulare a quello degli organismi, oltre che competenze e tecniche fondamentali nei vari campi delle biotecnologie industriali. Particolare attenzione è data agli approcci multidisciplinari che connotano le relative piattaforme tecnologiche "high-troughput". Gli studenti sviluppano anche adeguate competenze e strumenti per la comunicazione e la gestione dell'informazione e la capacità di lavorare in team con buona autonomia operativa e decisionale.
Il corso prevede attività di tirocinio di 150 ore (6 CFU), che può essere svolto presso i laboratori della Macroarea di Scienze M.F.N. o di strutture consorziate. Sono comunque privilegiate esperienze presso laboratori di ricerca universitari europei nell'ambito del programma ERASMUS.
Sbocchi professionali
Il Corso di Laurea in Biotecnologie è finalizzato alla formazione di laureati capaci di operare
professionalmente all'interno di grandi e piccole imprese chimico-farmaceutiche e
biotecnologiche, di istituzioni di ricerca pubbliche e private e di imprese di servizi, nei diversi
ambiti di applicazione delle biotecnologie, quali l'agro-alimentare, l'ambientale, il farmaceutico, l'industriale, il medico e il veterinario, nonché nell'ambito della comunicazione scientifica.
La laurea triennale in Biotecnologie permette l'iscrizione all'Ordine nazionale dei Biologi o quello degli Agrotecnici e Agrotecnici laureati.
Condizione occupazionale (Indicatori di efficacia e livello di soddisfazione dei laureandi):
http://statistiche.almalaurea.it/universita/statistiche/trasparenza?CODICIONE=0580206200200001
Valutazione della didattica - Studenti
Anno accademico precedente
Riferimenti web e contatti
Sito Web Macroarea: http://www.scienze.uniroma2.it
Sito Web Corso di studio: http://www.scienze.uniroma2.it/?cat=131&catParent=4
Coordinatore: Prof. Maurizio Fraziano
e-mail: fraziano@bio.uniroma2.it
Segreteria didattica: Paola Blasi
Tel: 0672594808
E-mail: paola.blasi@uniroma2.it
Mendelian Genetics Cell division and chromosome inheritance Interaction between genes Genetic association and mapping in eukaryotes Genetic analysis and mapping of bacteria The structure and replication of DNA Transcription, Translation Regulation of gene expression in bacteria Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes Gene mutations, DNA repair Recombinant DNA technology
Principles and applications of flow cytometry. Strengths and limits in comparison with other technologies. Basic principles: light-particle interaction, diffusion, diffraction, fluorescence. Instrumentation: optical, fluidic, electronic and software components. Fluorescent probes, general aspects, excitation and emission spectra, FRET, tandem fluorochromes. Spillover and compensation. Sample preparation, single-cell suspension, viability, fixation, permeabilization, sample preservation. Staining intracellular and intranuclear cell surface molecules. Multi-parametric analyses. Principles of sample analysis, evaluation of cell viability, off-line compensation, staining controls (blank, isotype and isoclonic controls, fluorescence minus one. Gating strategies. Criteria for evaluating positivity (positive / negative, low / high, continuous markers); percentages of positive cells, mean and median fluorescence intensity. Representation of cytometric data, histograms, dot plots, density and contour plots. Cell cycle analysis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell activation (calcium flow, protein phosphorylation). Analysis of intracellular and nuclear proteins and of RNA. Measurement of analytes in culture supernatants and biological fluids. Comparisons with western blot, RT-PCR and ELISA. Phenotyping of leukocytes; identification of lymphocyte subpopulations. Studying lymphocyte development and maturation by flow cytometry. Evaluation of phagocytosis by flow cytometry. Examples of non-biomedical applications. Principles of cell sorting by flow cytometry. Exercises with sample analysis.
Introduction to the course. Overview of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms and their specific use in microbiology. File formats frequently used in NGS data analysis. Evaluation of the quality of the results of an NGS experiment. Annotation of bacterial genomes and prokaryotic viruses via web tools. Web interfaces useful for bioinformatics of microorganisms.
First part: Basic principles of fluorescence: quantization of energy, light absorption and emission, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime, fluorophores, information provided by fluorescence spectra. Possible experimental artifacts, inner filter effect. Fluorescence quenching, Förster resonance energy transfer, fluorescence anisotropy and polarization. Second part: dissection of the main fluorimetric methods used and applied in biological laboratories, with relative advantages and disadvantages of each, and with numerous application examples and solutions to problems from a biotechnological point of view. The fluorimeter. Fluorescence microscopes.
Nature of physics, kinematics, classical mechanics, energy and momentum conservation laws, rigid body rotation, oscillations, fluids and elasticity, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics.
Thermodynamic parameters (Temperature, Pressure). Thermodynamic equilibrium. Heat, work. I principle of thermodynamics. Internal Energy. Enthalpy. Heat capacities. II Principle of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic entropy. Statistic Entropy. Gibbs free Energy. Chemical Potential. Phase Equilibria. Chemical reactions and equilibrium constant. Osmotic pressure. Electrochemical potential and membrane potential. Chemical Reazioni dKinetics. Order of reactions. Reactions of I and II order. Equilibrium reactions. Steady.state approximation. Activation energy. Arrhenius law. Theory of chemical reactions. Collisional models Transition state theory. Catalysis. Enzimatic catalysis. MIchaelis-Menten reactions.
Biochemical mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of diet-derived molecules (nutraceuticals) on human health. Preventive effects on the principal human pathologies: cancer, metabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes), cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis), inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), gender diseases (osteoporosis, infertility).
1.Introduction to marine biotechnologies for the sustainable use of marine bio-resources 2 Bioprospecting and international protocols for environmental protection, regulation for the use of bio-resources. Information flow and value chain of products, materials and services. Intellectual property. Knowledge transfer and technology transfer. 3 Taxonomic and functional marine microbial biodiversity with a focus on the related application implications. Bioproducts, biomaterials and services from marine microorganisms - antibiotics production and applications - production of carotenoids and applications - production of enzymes and applications - production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and applications - production of siderophores and applications - biosensors and environmental monitoring - biodegradation and bioremediation processes in the marine environment 4 Tools and methods for marine microbial biotechnology.
The coming of atomic theory. Mole and Avogadro number. Molecules and compounds. Molar masses of elements and compounds. Bohr model of the atom; energy levels in atoms; quantum mechanics model of the atom; atomic orbitals; electron configurations for atoms and periodicity; the Periodic Table of elements. Atomic and ionic radii. Electronegativity. The chemical bond. Ions and ionic crystals. Covalent bonds. Lewis structures. Molecular geometry. VSEPR theory. Hybridization. Molecular dipole moment. Linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). Intermolecular forces. Naming inorganic compounds. Common acids, bases and salts. Chemical reactions; stoichiometry and chemical equations. Brief introduction to Thermodynamics. Ideal gases and the ideal gas law. The liquid state. Vapour pressure. The solid state and the ordered structure of crystalline solids. Phase diagrams; the (P-T) phase diagrams for water and carbon dioxide. The solution process; the concentration of solutions; colligative properties. Chemical equilibria; Le Châtelier’s Principle. Chemical kinetics. Arrhenius, Brønsted and Lewis definitions of acids and bases; acid-base equilibria in aqueous solutions; how to calculate pH and pOH of water solutions. Slightly soluble salts. Solubility product constant. Electrochemistry; oxidation and reduction; balancing redox reactions using the oxidation number; spontaneous redox reactions; electrochemical cells; the standard hydrogen half-cell; the electrochemical series; the Nernst equation; concentration cells; the electrochemical measurement of pH.
Definition and characteristics of different types of cell cultures. Explants, primary and immortalized cell cultures. Suspension and adherent cell cultures. Characterization of cultured cells, expression of specific markers of differentiated cells. Cell cloning. Introduction of exogenous DNA into mammalian cells: cloning, characteristics of the different vectors used for eukaryotic cells. Reporter systems. Different methods of transfections. Stable and transient transfection. Cell Transduction. Subcellular localization of macromolecules: cell fractioning and immunofluorescence. GFP and its application in cell culture: subcellular localization of proteins, analysis of protein-protein interactions (FRET), analysis of the dynamics of protein (FRAP). Animal models: Mouse, Drosophila and Zebrafish.
The course will provide a broad overview of the different uses of proteins in the pharmacological field , in food industry , in analytical chemistry, in agriculture and animal husbandry as well as in other industrial fields Moreover, students will be introduced to the specific strategies for the large scale production of proteins. In addition, Selected examples of modification of proteins of industrial and pharmacological interest aimed at improving specific properties will be discussed.
1) Operating context and glossary of the Clinical Trial. 2) Good Clinical Practice and main national and international legislation. 3) Clinical Trial Methodology: classification, phases and designs of Clinical Trials; structure and meaning of the Study Protocol. 4) Ethical aspects of the Clinical Trial, protection of the Study subjects and informed consent. 5) Clinical Monitoring: on site and remote monitoring activities of the Clinical Monitor. 6) Quality management systems: quality assurance and quality control.
- Consolidated security text - Safety signs - Dangerous substances - Exposure to biological agents - Labeling of products and mixtures - Safety data sheets - Chemical hoods - Good laboratory practices
General chemistry: nomenclature, unit of measure, molecules and macromolecules in Biology. Enzymology and enzyme regulation. Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production Basic lab techniques (solutions, cell culture, electrophoresis, southern blot, northern blot, western blot, PCR, EMSA, immunohistochemistry, microscopy). Lab safety Genes, heredity, evolution From genes to proteins (replication, transcription, splicing, translation). Virus Model organisms The cell (bacteria, animals and plants) Tissues Plant and animal anatomy Men-environment interaction
Ethics in animal testing; Housing structures and environmental parameters, nutrition and watering; Animal models and nomenclature; Biology of the main laboratory animals; The relevant legislation (Legislative Decree 26/14) and Annex 6; Manipulation and necropsy; Recognition of pain and distress; Anesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia; The zoonoses; Outline of alternative techniques; Drug management; Main diseases of laboratory animals; Registration of animals and reporting; Comparative anatomy man vs mouse; Cost/benefit evaluation in animal sperimentation. Visit to the CIMETA center (Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture - ex-STA)
The course aims to provide students with knowledge of the possible biotechnological applications deriving from cyanobacteria and microalgae. After an introduction on the ecological importance of algae and their diversity (micro- and macroalgae; main taxonomic groups; identification and characterization methods: microscopy, spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques, molecular analyses) the main isolation and cultivation techniques will be illustrated along with the researches carried out at laboratory scale and the scale-up at the industrial level. An overview will then be presented regarding the products obtainable from cyanobacteria and microalgae that find commercial applications in the bioenergetic, environmental, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and food sectors (man and animals).
The history of Biology through Genetics, Demography, Embryology-Evo-devo. The theory of spontaneous generation: history and revisitations. Microbiology as a science: from Van Leeuwenohek to Koch; its impact on modern life. Microorganisms and photosynthesis in the history of the planet. The roots of ecology (from Aristotle to the 19th century). The ecology from the early beginning to the present day. History of Botany: from Van Helmont to Calvin. Taxonomy and classification. Concepts and methodologies in the teaching of evolution; DNA and genetic code. Palaeontological and molecular approaches in the study of human evolution. Human Biodiversity. Gene / environment interaction in humans. Cultural adaptation: vaccines. Vaccinating against ignorance: the fundamental role of the school. History of proteins: science proceeds in parallel with technology. Teaching to learn: science by competence. The experimental biology laboratory: aims, objectives, skills.Transversality and multidisciplinarity in the sciences. Example of a path: vitamin C. Teaching methods: the frontal lesson and the lab approach.
Electronic Structure and Bonding. Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Isomers and stereochemistry. Alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic compounds. Alkyl halides: substitution and elimination reactions. Alcohols, phenols and thiols. Ethers and epoxides. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives. Amines. Heterocyclic compounds. Lipids and detergents. Carbohydrates. Amino acids, peptides and proteins. Nucleic acids.
Plant Cell - Plant Cell Wall. Morpholgy and functions. Plasmodesmata. Membranes and cell compartments. Cytoskeleton and its role in the cell cycle. Vacuoles. Plastids: proplastids, chloroplast, leucoplast and chromoplast. Peroxisomes. Mitochondria. Nucleus. Plant tissues - Plant organization: protophytes and thallophytes. - Stem cells. Meristematic tissues. Dermal tissues. Epidermis, hypodermis, endodermis, phellem (cork). Parenchyma. Conducting cells (tracheids and vessel elements). Sieve elements. Xylem and phloem. Sclerenchyma and collenchyma. Secretory structures. Organs - Roots: functions and structure. Primary and secondary growth. Modified roots. - Stems: functions and structure. Axillary buds and branching. Primary and secondary growth. Modified stems - Leaf: origin of the leaf. Phyllotaxis. Genesis and development, morphology and anatomy. Modified leaves Reproduction of plants - Sexual and vegetative reproductions. Artificial methods of reproduction - Life cycles - Reproductive morphology of flowering plants. Flowers and inflorescences. Pollination mechanisms. Fruits. Seed. Plant diversity: species concept. Polyploidy. Classification. Taxonomy. Cyanobacteria: Morphology and reproduction. Ecology of cyanobacteria. Algae: general features and life cycles. Archaeplastida (Rhodophyta, Chloroplastida). Chromoalveolata (Stramenopili: Phaeophyceae, Bacillariophyta). Alveolata (Dinophyceae) Emersion from water. Bryophytes: general features. Life cycle. Bryopsida. Hepaticopsida. Anthoceropsida. Seedless vascular plants: features, life cycles. Lycopodophyta. Monilophyta (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida) Gimnosperms: general features. Life cycle. Cycads. Gingko. Conifers. Gnetophytes. Angiosperms: general features. Life cycle. Monocot. Eu-dicot and magnoliids. Fungi: features and life cycle. Zygomycetes. Ascomycetes. Basidiomycetes. Ecology of fungi. Lichens. Mycorrhizae.
Industrial production processes of food with a high technological profile and low environmental impact. Enzymatic checkpoints: defects and modulation of activity by nutrients.
Introduction. Concepts and definitions of the organization levels of living matter. Abiotic factors in natural ecosystems: light, temperature, oxygen, pH, CO2, etc. Biotic factors in natural ecosystems: intra and interspecific relationships (competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism). Levels of organization of living matter. Populations: definition, statistical characteristics (birth rate, mortality, survival curves, growth curves, distribution in space, age class distribution); population regulation mechanisms. Community: definition, structure and composition, variations on environmental gradients. Biomes; ecotones, ecoclins, ecotypes. Ecosystem: definitions, trophic structure, energy circuits and energy flows, diversity in space and time, ecological succession, energy flows, bio-geochemical cycles. Alteration of ecosystem functions and services. The Anthropocene: overpopulation and alterations of natural systems/environmental contamination in the environmental compartments (water, soil, air, including agroecosystems), Global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Biotechnologies to understand and resolve environmental problems: 'omics' techniques in ecology. GMOs. Ecology and economic theories, sustainability, biodiversity; ecological footprint, resilience. Concepts and definitions of Ecotoxicology. Dose-response relationships, hormesis. Toxicity test. Data processing. Tests on Daphnia, Artemia and Vibrio, rationale and laboratory tests.
Content First section Newton law. Friction. Motion in a resistive media. Sedimentation. VES. Centrifuges. Sedimentation coefficient. Electrophoresis. Mechanical waves. Transversal and longitudinal waves. Description of a travelling wave. Wavelength. Angular wavenumber, wavenumber period, frequency and angular frequency. Velocity of a travelling wave. Energy ad power of a travelling wave. Transferred power. Superposition principle. Interference. Stationary waves. Acoustic waves. Speed of sound. Pressure wave. Acoustic interference. Intensity and level of sound. Decibel scale. Doppler effect. Ultrasound. Doppler fluximetry. Ultrasound scan. Second section Introduction to measures. Errors. Errors propagation. Use of plots. Statistical error analysis. Normal distribution. Standard deviation. Standard error. Statistical comparison of mean values. Weighted average. Least square method. Covariance, correlation. Linear regression. Quantitative meaning of the linear correlation coefficient. Chi‐squared test. Introduction to t-Student distribution.
BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE E BIOINFORMATICA 8+1 CFU Prof. Fabrizio Loreni- M. Falconi INTEGRATED COURSE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - 6 CFU module Prof. Fabrizio Loreni · Historical background, DNA structure, nucleotides, genetic code · Topology, restriction enzymes · Genomes, C value · Exon-intron structure · Gene organization, gene families, gene number · Ripetitive DNA, retrotransposons, organel DNA · Chromosomes and chromatine · Replicons and raplication mechanism · Transcription and transcriptional regulation in prokaryots · Transcription and transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes · Termination and anti-termination in prokaryots · Rrna processing, mRNA structure · Rna modification: splicing, editing · tRNA, mRNA, ribosome · Translation and translational regulation · Mrna localization · Protein localization · Nucleo-cytoplasm transport · Post-translational modifications · Molecular biology techniques: cloning, screening, blotting, expression systems
Compartimenti liquidi dell’organismo e loro composizione. Meccanismi di trasporto attraverso la membrana plasmatica. Diffusione semplice. Diffusione facilitata. Le proteine carrier. Trasporto attivo primario. Na+/K+ ATPasi. Trasporto attivo secondario. Canali ionici. Il potenziale di membrana. Movimento dell’acqua tra i diversi comparti dell’organismo: osmosi. Meccanismi di comunicazione intercellulare. Trasduzione del segnale operata da recettori accoppiati a proteine G. Adenilato ciclasi e cAMP. Fosfolipasi C, idrolisi del PIP2 e funzioni di diacilglicerolo e IP3. Gli ormoni: caratteristiche generali. I neuroni. Potenziali graduati. Sommazione spaziale e temporale. La zona trigger come centro d’insorgenza dei potenziali d’azione. Il potenziale d’azione: ruolo dei canali del Na+ e del K+ voltaggio-dipendenti. Periodi di refrattarietà assoluta e relativa. Conduzione del potenziale d’azione. Fibre mieliniche: conduzione saltatoria. Sinapsi chimiche ed elettriche. Vie efferenti somatiche: i motoneuroni. Innervazione del muscolo scheletrico: sinapsi neuromuscolare e concetto di unità motoria. Sistema nervoso autonomo simpatico e parasimpatico. I diversi tipi di muscolo. Il muscolo scheletrico. Elementi strutturali ed ultrastrutturali. Actina e miosina. L’organizzazione dei sarcomeri. Tropomiosina e troponina. Il ruolo del Ca2+ nella contrazione muscolare. Il ciclo dei ponti trasversali. Accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione. Scossa semplice e tetano. Muscolo scheletrico: relazione lunghezza tensione, contrazioni isometriche ed isotoniche. Muscolo liscio. Differenze strutturali e funzionali rispetto al muscolo scheletrico. Contrazione del muscolo liscio: ruolo del Ca2+ e della MLCK. Concetto di muscolo liscio unitario e multiunitario. Visione d’insieme dell’apparato cardiovascolare. Relazione tra flusso sanguigno, pressione e resistenze vascolari. I diversi tipi di vasi sanguigni. Struttura del cuore. Struttura e funzione delle valvole atrio-ventricolari e semilunari. Caratteristiche istologiche e funzionali del miocardio di lavoro. Potenziali d’azione nel miocardio di lavoro. Accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione nel miocardio di lavoro. Basi della non tetanizzabiltà del muscolo cardiaco. Cellule autoritmiche: funzione e genesi del potenziale d’azione. Il sistema di conduzione. Il cuore come pompa. Il ciclo cardiaco. Gittata sistolica e cardiaca. Regolazione della funzione cardiaca da parte del sistema nervoso autonomo. Scambi tra capillari e liquido interstiziale. I vasi linfatici. Apparato respiratorio. Meccanica respiratoria e muscoli respiratori. Modificazioni della composizione dell’aria durante il passaggio nelle vie aeree superiori e negli alveoli. Scambi gassosi tra alveoli e sangue e tra sangue e tessuti. Trasporto di O2 e CO2 Funzione polmonare e regolazione del pH plasmatico. La funzione renale. Il nefrone: elementi vascolari e tubulari Meccanismo dell’ultrafiltrazione glomerulare e sua regolazione. Ruolo della macula densa. I processi di riassorbimento di acqua e soluti nel tubulo prossimale e nell’ansa di Henle. Processi di riassorbimento a livello del tubulo distale e dei dotti collettori. Il ruolo dell’ aldosterone ed dell’ADH. Il sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterone.
1) Genetic mapping of mendelian characters. 2) Analysis of human genetic variation: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 3) Characteristics of the genetic markers (RFLP, VNTR, SNP) and segregation analysis in human pedigrees. Two-point genetic mapping. Positional cloning for identifying disease genes. 4) Physical mapping of genomes: DNA cloning in prokaryots and eukaryots. Construction of genomic libraries: DNA and cloning vector preparation. Analysis of recombinant clones and strategies to assembly contigs. 5) Tecniques for studying genomes: principles of nucleic acid hybridization assays; Polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR): basic features and applications; RealTime PCR. DNA sequencing through Sanger method; automatized sequencing. 6) Post-genomica era:Methods for identifying gene expression. cDNA libraries. 7) Production of proteins from cloned genes in prokaryots, eukaryots and live animals. Methods for the identification of protein-protein interactions. Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals. 8) Creating animal models of disease using transgenic technology and gene targeting. 9) Gene Therapy: principles of molecular genetic-based therapies for inherited disorders. Somatic and germ line gene therapy.
Innate and adaptive immunity: general features, cellular and molecular components; cellular and molecular components of innate immunity; phagocytosis and receptors involved; adjuvants and innate immune response; antigen uptake and presentation; class I and class II MHC; exogenous and endogenous pathway of antigen processing; antigen recognition and mechanisms of activation of T lymphocytes; costimulatory signals and role of dendritic cells; Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells; cytotoxic T cells; cytokines: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines; T and B cell activating cytokines; Cell mediated immune response; antibody immune response; molecular structure and antigen recognition of antibodies; molecular basis of generation of diversity of antigen receptors; Isotype switch; monoclonal antibodies; effecter functions of antibodies; central and peripheral tolerance; positive and negative selection. Definition of disease; cell pathology: ipoxia, ischemia; free radicals; Cell death: necrosis, apoptosis, piroptosis; diseases by intracellular accumulation (steatosis) and extracellular accumulation (amyloidosis); inflammation; molecular and cellular components; acute and chronic inflammation; fibrosis; immunopathology; hypersensitivity reactions; autoimmunity; graft rejection; immunodeficiencies; tumours and molecular changes during oncogenesis; metastasis; specific and aspecific anti-tumor immune defenses.
The course is divided in two parts, in the first will be taken into consideration only the legal protection of industrial inventions and especially those with biotechnological nature. Some speech will be dedicated to the sources both of national and community law, while in the second part of the course which dealt with the ethical aspects of engaging the living organisms. As regards the first part, this will cover, inter alia, the rules of attribution of intellectual property rights when an invention is realised by an employee or when the research is supported by a private sponsor. As regards the second part, it will feature for the study of the origins of bioethics, its treaties and institutional conventions. Subject matter will be also the role and the composition of ethics committees, the clinical trial techniques, and finally the conflicts of interest in biomedical research
Clinical biochemistry markers of the functions of organs, tissues and endocrine glands. Consolidated and innovative measurement methods. Reference and desiderable values; risk index. Laboratory organization; the quality control. Hydro-electrolyte balance. Measurement of osmolality. Calculation and meaning of the osmolality gap. Diabetes insipidus and SIADH. Blood sample collection, specificity of anticoagulants. Hypervolemic, hypovolaemic, euvolemic hyponatremia. Pseudohyponatraemia. Hypernatraemia. Hypo- and hyper-kalemia. Acid-base balance. Evaluation of the acid-base state. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Calculation and meaning of the anion gap. Renal and pulmonary compensation. The hemogasanalysis, interpretation of the results, confidence intervals. Biochemical markers of renal glomerular function: GFR and renal clearance, creatininemia. Creatinine clearance and Cockroft-Gault formula. Uremia. Azotemia and BUN. Blood uric acid. Cystatin c. Albuminuria. Polyuria. Specific tubular proteinuria (alpha1 and beta2-globulins, Tamm-Horsfall protein). The chemical-physical and morphological examination of the urine. Specific weight, density. Hemoglobinuria. Leukocyte esterase, nitrite, glycosuria, ketonuria. Urinary sediment. Serum proteins. The protidogram (meaning of the variations of Transitiretin, albumin, alpha1- anti-trypsin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, beta-1 and -2 globulins, the complement, the immunoglobulins). Capillary electrophoresis. Acute phase proteins, the C-reactive protein. Tumor markers (Bence Jones proteins, PSA, alpha-fetoprotein); prognostic and predictive markers; the HER2 marker. Enzymatic serum markers. Concept of diagnostic window. Markers of cardiac function (myoglobin, CK, troponin I and T subunits), hepatic (bilirubinemia, aminotransferase-AST and ALT-, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), Albumin and Prothrombin time, markers of diabetes (OGTT test, HBA1c) and hypoglycemia (peptide C). Markers of bone diseases (rickets, Paget's bone disease, osteoporosis): calcemia, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesemia, osteocalcin, urinary hydroxyproline, urinary deoxypyridinoline, collagen telopeptides, ALP. Markers of the main dysfunctions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands. Concept of "dynamic functionality test", for stimulation and inhibition, diagnostic algorithms. Dyslipidemias (Total cholesterol, c-HDL, Friedewald's formula for c-LDL, LDL A and B). Hemostasis and thrombotic markers (fibrinogen, von Willebrandt factor, factor VIII and IX and hemophilia). Fibrinolysis and markers (D-dimer). Prothrombin time; the INR; total activated thromboplastin time. Disorders of iron metabolism and markers; porphyrias (differential measurement of porfobilinogen and urobilinogen). Hemochromatosis.
