Corso di laurea magistrale - Area di Ingegneria - Accesso libero con verifica del possesso dei requisiti curriculari - Classe LM-29 (D.M. 270/2004)
Informazioni generali
Descrizione e obiettivi formativi
Il Corso, assieme a fornire il necessario affinamento metodologico e di base che completa la formazione di primo livello, prepara lo studente ad affrontare problematiche progettuali ed implementative riguardanti i maggiori settori in cui l'elettronica moderna viene a coniugarsi: dall'elettronica per l'energia a quella per la salute e l'ambiente, dall'elettronica per l'industria a quella per lo spazio e la sicurezza, oltre che per le telecomunicazioni e la multimedialità. Il percorso formativo permette differenti indirizzi, orientati alle applicazioni di maggiore interesse
Il corso forma competenze specialistiche nel campo dell’elettronica e delle tecnologie dell'informazione, dalla fisica dei dispositivi ai sistemi complessi. Fornisce metodologie e strumenti progettuali specifici per l'analisi e la progettazione di componenti microelettronici, nanoelettronici e sensori; competenze hardware e software a largo spettro finalizzate all'analisi e alla progettazione di sistemi elettronici complessi sia analogici che digitali, per applicazioni nelle aree più diverse.
In dettaglio, sono oggetto del corso oggetto: circuiti, sottosistemi, sistemi e apparati elettronici e microelettronici per applicazioni nelle aree dell'informazione, della medicina, della logistica, dello spazio, dell'avionica; algoritmi e architetture per il trattamento dei segnali e dei dati; tecnologie per la realizzazione di componenti microelettronici, optoelettronici e di potenza, tecnologie per la realizzazione di sensori, sistemi di acquisizione dati, circuiti e sistemi integrati ad iperfrequenze per applicazioni terrestri e satellitari.
Sbocchi professionali
Il laureato magistrale ha le competenze necessarie per l’inserimento in vari livelli di responsabilità nelle aziende pubbliche e private, con particolare riferimento alle aree della progettazione, realizzazione e gestione di circuiti, sottosistemi e sistemi elettronici per le telecomunicazioni, l'informatica, i controlli, la medicina, l'ambiente e lo spazio. Egli opera con ampia autonomia decisionale, e sa fornire un contributo anche innovativo, utilizzando strumenti e metodologie progettuali e gestionali avanzati.
È inoltre possibile l’impiego nei servizi per le tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione e nella ricerca scientifica e tecnologica.
Condizione occupazionale (indicatori di efficacia e livello di soddisfazione dei laureandi):
http://statistiche.almalaurea.it/universita/statistiche/trasparenza?CODICIONE=0580207303000001
Valutazione della didattica - Studenti
Anno accademico precedente
Riferimenti web e contatti
Sito Web: http://www.elettronica.uniroma2.it
Coordinatore: Prof. Marcello Salmeri
Email salmeri@ing.uniroma2.it - tel: 06 7259 7373
Segreteria didattica:
Sig.ra Rosanna Gervasio
Tel: 06 7259 7459
E-mail: rosanna.gervasio@uniroma2.it
Per ulteriori informazioni consulta anche il sito web di Facoltà:
http://ing.uniroma2.it/didattica/corsi-di-laurea/
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In the first part of the course the basic principles of the propagation of electromagnetic waves are recalled with the transmission line model and then with the theory of radiation potentials and the Green function. The elementary antennas and the distributed sources and their performance parameters are then introduced. A numerical method is then described for the digital representation of computer radiating elements and how to use a commercial solver based on this method is explained. We then move on to wireless systems for broadcasting applications based on wire antennas and then to array configurations for applications to point-to-point communications, radar systems and adaptive cellular communication. The following section introduces antennas for personal communications (mobile phones, notebooks, wearable devices based on microstrips) and describes the entire communication system. In the last 3 CFUs (not mandatory for the 6CFU course) broadband and ultra-wide communication antennas based on volumetric and self-scaling devices are introduced and finally reflector antenna systems are described for directive communication over long distances. The frontal lessons are completed by several interactive numerical exercises also with the use of electromagnetic simulators in Details: 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS (2h) Essential chronology. Radiation mechanisms. Types of antennas. 2.ANTENNA BASICS (4h) Introduction to transmission lines. Sources of electromagnetic field: impressed, equivalent, images. Radiation Potentials. Green Function. 3. ELEMENTARY ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC DIPOLES (4h) Static and dynamic regimes (reactive and radiating field). Hertzian dipoles. 4. DISTRIBUTED SOURCES (4h) Fraunhofer and Fresnel radiation regions. Propagation as the two-dimensional spatial Fourier Transform. Radiation parameters: effective length, radiation intensity, directivity, gain. efficiency, beamWidth, polarization. Equivalent-circuit parameters: input impedance, reflection coefficient, bandwidth, realized gain. 5. COMPUTED AIDED ELECTROMAGNETICS (8) Integral equations of the Electromagnetic Scattering: wire scatterers (Pocklington, Hallen equations), extended scatterers. Method of Moments: theory and FEKO computer solver. 6. BROADCASTING ANTENNAS (10) Half-wave dipole antenna: transmission-line equivalent current, input impedance, series and parallel resonance, radiation pattern, beamwidth, directivity. Folded dipoles, T-match, Gamma Match. Quarter-wave monopole: Marconi antenna. Loop antennas: transmission-line equivalent, small loop, large loop, series and parallel resonance, radiation pattern, beamwidth, directivity. Frequency tuning, feeding techniques. 7. ARRAYS AND BEAMSHAPING (12) Arrays of Antennas: Array factor, multiplication principle, total gain, taper efficiency. Uniform linear arrays: visibility windows, radiation pattern, beamwidth, phased beam, broadside and endfire arrays, electronic beam scanning, greating lobes, arrays of dipoles, beamforming networks (tree and bus). Uniform two-dimensional array: beam scanning. Non-Uniform array synthesis: binomial illumination, Tchebyshev illumination, Fourier beam-shaping synthesis, Alternate Protection synthesis 8. ANTENNAS FOR PERSONAL DEVICES (12) The microstrip. The slot. Integrated Patch antennas: transmission-line model, impedance matching, substrates, radiation pattern, efficiency and bandwidth, PIFA antennas. Miniaturization techniques: slots, shorting pins, meandering. Broadbanding: multi-layer antennas, stacked configurations. Circular polarization: double-ports, single port configuration. 9. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LINKS (4) Antennas in receiving mode: Friis formula, radar cross-section, radar equation. Introduction to Radiofrequency Identification.
Clutter and anticlutter devices. Weather radar. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), radar tracking (monopulse technique), tracking by radar - TWS.Radar
The aim of the course is to provide students with the basic knowledge of numerical simulation of electronic devices. The models typically used in simulation software (technology computer aided design, TCAD) will be introduced to describe the mechanical, optical and electronic transport properties. In the first part of the course the models themselves and their interdependence will be explained, and the numerical methods for their solution and the most common numerical problems will be introduced. For specific examples, exemplary codes will be used in Matlab. This knowledge is of great value for the correct use of simulation software and for the interpretation of results. In the second part, different software will be used to simulate some typical devices, also taken from scientific literature. Particular interest will be turned to sensors and optoelectronic devices. In particular, during the course we will discuss: * Models for linear elasticity, absorption and emission of light, electronic states in organic and inorganic semiconductors, charge transport with semiclassical models. * Numerical approaches to solve partial differential equations and eigenvalue problems: finite differences, finite elements, references to Monte Carlo methods; solution of linear and nonlinear systems, Newton's method, time stepping algorithms. * Identify and understand the difficulties of numerical methods: stability, convergence, choice of the right models. * Simulation of devices, for example pn junction, pin, LED, photodiode, piezoelectric devices, photovoltaic cell, transistors. * Use of commercial and non-commercial simulation software, for example tiberCAD, Comsol, CST.
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Organic and hybrid optoelectronic technology is based on new semiconductor materials based on carbon compounds such as organic small molecules or polymers or on organic/inorganic hybrids (e.g. perovskites). These materials can be chemically synthesized to tailor a variety of their semiconducting properties making them appealing for applications that require luminescence (LEDs), transport and charge mobility (transistors), the absorption of light (photovoltaic cells), and the modulation of such properties due to external stimuli (eg, photodetectors, gas and pressure sensors). In addition, these materials are mechanically flexible and have also the intrinsic ability to be deposited over large areas on both rigid and flexible substrates by simple evaporation (e.g. for small molecules) or by printing techniques (e.g. for polymers soluble in organic solvents) including ink jet or screen printing. This is why this field is also referred to as plastic or printed electronics. After an introduction on organic chemistry and on the quantum description of molecules and organic compounds and their optical transitions (absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence) (13% of the CFUs of the course), the course will expound the operation of organic and hybrid semiconductor optoelectronic devices, in particular Organic (or Polymer) Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs, PLEDs) (26% of the CFUs of the course together with displays), Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs) (8% of the CFUs of the course together with E-paper), Organic Solar Cells (OSCs), and Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) (10% of the CFUs of the course). We will then study the design and the manufacturing techniques utilized in developing the applications based on these devices and how these applications operate. The course will illustrate Flat Panel OLED Displays with both passive matrix and active matrix addressing schemes (having substantial market today as screens of mobile phones and televisions), electronic paper (E-Paper - trough the Plastic Logic Ltd case study), and photovoltaic modules. Part of the course will focus on the optoelectronic devices and systems for gene expression detection and sequencing (18% of the CFUs of the course). After a brief introduction on the basic concepts of molecular biology, the course then will show how gene chip arrays are designed, constructed and utilized using photolithographic (through the Affymetrix case study) or ink jet printing techniques. A case study on cystic fibrosis will illustrate an example of the utilization and importance of these chips. Bioluminescence in the animal world will also be described by illustrating examples such as those in the depths of the sea and also on land, in particular the firefly. Finally, we will study one of the most powerful methods for genetic sequencing, also based on bioluminescence phenomena, i.e. pyrosequencing and how an advanced system of this type is constructed and operated. Part of the course will be devoted to experiments in the laboratory where the student will attend practical demonstrations and learn methods for the fabrication of new generation solar cells and their characterization under a solar simulator to extract the fundamental parameters (eg, conversion efficiency) or under monochromatic light to study the external quantum efficiency (EQE). Therefore an important part of the course (25% of the CFUs of the course) will be dedicated to the research and in-depth study of a new topics chosen each time (including lessons on bibliographic research, how to give presentations etc), to then complete a presentation by the students on a subject matter of their choice.
Thermoelectric effect. Common aspect of Vacuum Tubes. Diodes. Vacuum devices for high frequency and high power, and their technical principles. Triodes. Tetrodes. Penthodes. Amplifiers and Modulators with Vacuum Tubes. Vacuum devices based on velocity modulations. Slow Wave structures. Magnetron Vacuum deviced based on distributed interactions Electromagnetic field interaction with charged particles.
1. Approximation of network functions. Approximation with rational functions. Butterworth, Chebychev, inverse Chebychev functions, Chebychev rationals. Transformations: Low-pass / High-pass, Low-pass / Band-pass. Phase approximation. Thomson functions. Delay functions. Pass-all networks. 2. Sensitivity. Definition. Sensitivity functions. Multiparameter sensitivity. Sensitivity of lossless scale filters. Sensitivity of the coefficients. Sensitivity of the poles. Sensitivity with respect to parasitic elements. Bilinear theorem for the network function. Calculation of sensitivity with the added network. 3. Summary of passive networks. Properties of LC networks. Synthesis of LC networks: Foster, Cauer. Removing the poles at infinity. Removal of the poles in the origin. Synthesis of simply loaded networks. Shifting zeros in the synthesis of transfer functions. Ladder networks without doubly charged losses. Tables for filter design. 4. Synthesis of active networks: single amplifier RC active filters. Biquad Filters: Sallen-Key Filters, Infinite Gain Filters. Realization of the poles and zeros of the transfer function, sensitivity. 5. Summary of active networks: multi-amplifier RC active filters. State variable filters. Tow-Thomas filter, Universal active filter. Parasitic elements in operational amplifiers. Transconductance Operational Amplifiers (OTA). OTA-C filters. 6. Methods of direct carrying out. GIN, GIC, simulated inductances, frequency dependent negative resistors (FDNR). Leapfrog schemes. Switched condenser filters. 7. Current-mode networks. Current Conveyor: definition, properties and circuit implementation. Transformation of voltage-mode circuits into current-mode circuits. Current operational amplifiers (OCA) and their use.
The course is composed of three parts, the first part aims to expose the various testing techniques of VLSI components and systems, the second part introduces design techniques aimed at fault tolerance, the third part introduces the problems of reliability and dependability of embedded systems in particular in space applications and techniques of radiation hardness assurance (RHA). Introduction to testing of digital electronic circuits and systems Definitions and motivations Location within the process of making VLSI chips Process yield and manufacturing cost of an integrated circuit Main failure mechanisms Failure coverage and testing efficiency Failure patterns Failure stuck-at type: basic principles on testing against stuck-at faults Equivalence of faults and Fault Collapsing Main failure mechanisms Fault dominance and Fault Collapsing Stuck-open faults: possible testing Stuck-on faults : possible testing Resistive bridging, delay, crosstalk and transient failures: possible testing Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) Algebras definition for ATPG Comprehensive algorithms Random Path Sensitization algorithms Memory test and March Test algorithms Test-oriented design techniques (DFT ) Introduction Ad-hoc methods and structural methods Full-scan Boundary s can Built-in-self-test (BIST) Reliability and fault tolerance Introduction: applications, motivations Methods for evaluating the reliability of a system Reliability block diagram Fault Tree Analysis Markov chains Design techniques Fault Tolerant Modular redundancy On-line testing and recovery: duplication and comparison; self-checking design Self-checking design: properties of self-checking circuits; hypothesis of failure; design of self-checking functional blocks; checker project ;. Error detection and correction codes Error detection codes (Berger codes and related checkers; parity codes and related checkers; two-rail code and related checkers; m-out-of-n code and related checkers) Recovery: rollback and retry; reconfiguration techniques Error correction codes: linear parity codes; coding and decoding circuits Introduction to embedded systems, definition of embedded system, history, market, functions performed. Dependable system definition and applicable standards. Hardware and software of embedded systems in space and Radiation Hardness Assurance. Effects of the space environment on digital electronic components and applicable failure models, mission objectives of an embedded system for space. Fault tolerance techniques applied to embedded systems. Characterization of components for spatial use by means of irradiation tests. Total Dose Test, Single Event Effects Test.
Introduction to nanotechnology and nanoelectronics. Top-down fabrication process (Lithography, EBL, nanoimprinting). Recap of MOS and MOSFET: Scaling MOSFET Electrostatic model of 2D MOSFET and saling parameters (Taur model) Loss of gate control: DIBL and Vt roll-off. Design rules Interconnection delay Leakage and high-k metal oxide Alternative technology:SOI-MOSFET, DG-MOSFET, FinFET Characterization techniques for nanoelectronics: SEM,TEM,AFM,STM,Raman Bottom-up approach: self assembly and nanostructures Molecular dvices Simulation of nanolectronic devices
Image processing introduction. Image representation. Spatial and pixel resolution. Image restoration. Deconvolution. Deblurring. Image quality assessment. Image enhancement. Image filtering for smoothing and sharpening. Image segmentation: pixel based (otsu method), edge based, region based (region growing), model based (active contour, Hough transform). Morphological operators. Object recognition and image classification. Case study: defects detection, object tracking in biology, computer assisted diagnosis, facial expression in human computer interface. Matlab exercises.
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Digital systems introduction and continuous time system discretization. Linear systems discrete time system theory. Z- transform introduction. Difference equation solutions via the Z transform. Discrete time system natural modes. Lyapunov simple stability and asymptotic stability for discrete time systems. Necessary and sufficient stability conditions for stability bases on eigenvalues properties. Discrete time model associated to a continuous system via sample and hold devices. PID regulators for stable systems. Parameter setting for PID via Ziegler and Nichols methods. Lyapunov stability theory. H-infinity optimal control theory and filtering. H-infinity sub optimal state observers for systems affected by measurement disturbances and modelling uncertainties. Kalman sub optimal filters for discrete dynamic systems. Neural Networks for control and estimation tasks. The McCulloch and Pitts perceptron neuron model. Activation functions. Multi layer feedforward neural networks (MLFN). Back propagation algorithm derivation. Initialization criteria. Cross validation. Learning speed. Radial basis function networks (RBFN). Comparison between MLFN and RBFN. Genetic Algorithm theory in the framework of Optimization strategies. Introduction to GA concepts: population of individual characterized by DNA code, fitness function, reproduction via crossover and random mutations. Trajectory estimation theory aimed at target tracking. trajectory tracking filters and their Optimization via genetic algorithms. High gain filters for noiseless trajectories. Introduction to the Matlab 'Deep Leaning Toolbox' to train Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms Optimization.
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Manipulators. Planar manipulators with 2 or 3 links: direct and inverse kinematics. Introduction to the concepts of degree of freedom, redundancy, work space. Roto-translations and rotations in space. Euler angles. Direct and inverse kinematics for robot manipulators with open kinematic chains. Denavit-Hartenberg notation. Main manipulation structures: SCARA, SCORBOT, spherical wrist, anthropomorphic robot. Practice in the Robotics Laboratory on the direct and inverse kinematics of the SCORBOT. Mobile robotics. Kinematics of a unicycle-type robot. Motion control of a mobile robot: the problem of partial regulation. Localization in a known environment: odometry integration and the extended Kalman filter.
Multimedia and biological signals are increasingly used in integrated mode: for example, this occurs in applications related to medicine, virtual reality, domotics, arts. The course deals with the study of methodologies for the analysis and treatment of multimedia and biological signals, with a description of the instrumentation and interfaces for their acquisition and measurement. These methodologies are developed taking into account both the existing literature and innovative information processing systems. Some of the following types of signals are considered: - vocal signal - audio / video signals - electroencephalographic (EEG), electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic signals - biosignals for rehabilitation and tele-rehabilitation assisted by innovative technological platforms. Among the methods of analysis and treatment of the considered signals, features of extraction and selection of features, neural algorithms and classifiers and methods based on artificial intelligence are used. The course is completed by practical exercises and the development of a project on the analysis and treatment of multimedia and/or biomedical signals, in matlab environment or other dedicated hardware/software environment.
INTRODUCTION: CMOS Logic, Fabrication and Layout. Design Partitioning. Logic, Circuit and Physical Design. MOS Transistor Theory CMOS Processing Technology Delay Power Interconnect Robustness Circuit Simulation Combinational Circuit Design Sequential Circuit Design Datapath Subsystems Array subsystems Special-Purpose Subsystems Design methodology and Tools Testing, Debugging and Verification Hardware Description Languages Fault tolerant digital systems Digital architectures for space applications Radiation effects (TID, SEE, …) Rad-hard technologies Information redundancy Hardware redundancy Radiation-tolerant digital architectures based on FPGA
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1) Micro-nano-systems and interface circuits: introduction − Integrated circuits (the incredible Gordon Moore’s law) − Micro-nano-systems (“A friend of mine (Albert R. Hibbs) suggests…, although it is a very wild idea, it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon…”, Richard Feynman, “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, 1959) − Scaling laws − Micro-nano-systems: unique complexity and opportunities (CMOS, “swallow the surgeon”,…) − Analog electronics, digital electronics, smart systems,… 2) Tools for analysis and design of micro-nano-systems − Analysis and design of linear time-invariant micro-nano-systems (Fourier transform; Laplace transform; Bode diagrams; Nyquist criterion; evaluation of zeros and poles of a micro-nano-system) − Linearization of non-linear micro-nano-systems − Equivalent circuits − Examples (thermal/mechanical/piezoelectric/… micro-nano-systems) 3) Simulation of micro-nano-systems 4) Micro-nano-systems − Integrated circuits − Wireless health − Implantable systems − Wearable systems − Electronic skin (epidermal electronics,…) − Thermal micro-nano-systems − Quasi-1D nanostructures (nanowires, ZnO nanowires, nanobelts, carbon nanotubes,…) − 2D electronics (graphene, MoS2, van der Waals hjeterostructures,…) − Piezotronics − PCB nanoelectronics − Piezoelectric nanogenerators − Triboelectric nanogenerators − … 5) Fabrication technologies − Silicon oxidation − Thin film deposition (spin coating, spray coating, sputtering, thermal evaporation, CVD, LPCV, PLD…) − Synthesis of quasi-1D nanostructures (high temperature synthesis; wet-chemistry;…) − Solution-growth of ZnO nanowires (conventional; cyclic growth; microreactors with contact heating of the substrate; microwaves-assisted synthesis; local substrate heating by laser; local substrate heating by microresistors; advection – spin and spray; thermoconvective solution-growth) − Lithography − Etching − Bonding − CMOS technology (general principles) − Integrated resistors and capacitors − … 6) Characterization of micro-nano-systems (Atomic Force Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Kelvin Probe Force Microscope…)
Introduction and examples on identification techniques for continuous-time systems. Identification problem. Identifier structure. Linear error equation and identification algorithms. Gradient algorithm. Normalized gradient algorithm. Least squares algorithm. Least squares algorithm with reset of the covariance matrix. Properties of identification algorithms. Effect of initial and projection conditions. Normalized least squares algorithm with covariance reset: properties and proof. Identifier stability with process having limited signals. Regular signals. Identifier stability with unstable process. Persistence of excitation and exponential convergence of the parameters. Exponential convergence of the least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. Exponential convergence of the gradient, normalized gradient and least squares algorithms with covariance reset (only statement). Conditions in the frequency domain for parameter convergence. Example of adaptive control.
Gas-solid and liquid-solid interfaces Sensors based on impedance variation, mass, optical and fluorescence sensors, electrochemical sensors, biosensors
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POWER SEMICONDUCTORS Power Semiconductors employed in Power Electronics converters: Diodes, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, Thyristors, Wide Bandgap Semiconductors). Static and dynamic behavior. Thermal behavior. Conduction and switching losses. Technical specifications provided by manufacturers’ datasheets. Driving circuits. POWER CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES Behavioral characteristics: unidirectional and bidirectional energy transfer, controlled voltage sources. Analysis method of power converters. DC-DC Converters. Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost. Switching losses reduction. Average Model. Modulation techniques (PWM, PFM, PRM). Output voltage open-loop control. Closed-loop control. Current control.Half and Full Bridge DC-DC converters. DC-AC Converters (Inverters).Half and Full Bridge DC-AC single-phase converters based on static switches. Three-phase converters. Modulation techniques. Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE). Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). Rectifiers: Single-phase and three-phase diode rectifiers. Single-phase and three-phase force-commutated PWM rectifiers: topologies, voltage and current controls. Power Factor Corrector (PFC). Effects on grid side of power converters. Generalized power factor. Compliance with grid codes. Multi-stage converters. Isolated DC-DC converter. Power Electronics Applications Power Converters simulation using Matlab-Simulink/Simpowersystem. Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS). Photovoltaic Conversion Systems. Battery chargers.
Methods of analysis for nonlinear microwave circuits • Time domain analysis of nonlinear circuits using numerical integration algorithms. • Work the solution algorithms and analysis methods for the steady state (shooting methods). • Analysis of nonlinear circuits by Volterra series. • Methods of analysis for high frequency circuits (Harmonic Balance). • Work and analysis techniques for modulated signals (Envelope Analysis). Design of microwave power amplifiers • Definition of characteristic parameters of a power amplifier, and an overview of technologies and devices available for the realization of microwave power amplifiers (monolithic and hybrid). • Power budget and facilities for power amplifiers combined with exercises. • Design methodologies based on the technique of Load / Source Pull. Using simplified methodologies for designing broadband and to estimate the boundaries of power. • High efficiency power amplifiers and design techniques based on control of harmonic terms (Tuned Load Class E, Class F, etc.).. • Architectures for high efficiency and linearity amplifiers operating in the presence of modulated signals: analysis and synthesis of the Doherty configuration, outline techniques for Envelope Tracking and Envelope Elimination and Restoration. Microwave multiplier • Basic criteria for the design of frequency multipliers and design examples. Microwave mixer • Analysis by matrix conversion mixers. • Issues of Intermodulation in a blender and definition of specifications and parameters of interest of a mixer. • Single diode configurations, just balanced, doubly balanced. • Mixer with active devices (gate or resistive) and outline the subharmonically pumped mixers. • Image rejection mixer. Using CAD for the design of microwave circuits Using CAD for the analysis of nonlinear circuits and layout generation. Tutorials CAD design examples of nonlinear circuits
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BASIC CONTROL TOOLS Bounded- input bounded- output linear systems. Pole placement theorem for controllable and observable linear systems. Luenberger observers for observable systems. Design of dynamic compensators for linear systems. Integral feedback control to reject constant disturbances. PID control. System inverses for minimum phase linear systems. The combination of feedback and feedforward control actions. ADVANCED CONTROL TOOLS Linear approximations of nonlinear control systems about operating conditions. The definition of region of attraction for an operating condition. Output feedback compensators with integral actions to control a nonlinear systems about a given operating condition. Liapunov matrix equations to determine quadratic Liapunov functions and assess the region of attraction. The definition of sensitivity transfer function and its properties. The gang of four: sensitivity, complementary sensitivity, load sensitivity and noise sensitivity funtions. How to determine the robustness of a control loop using the gang of four functions. Bode’s integral formula and the limitations imposed by unstable open loop poles. Youla parametrization to design stable compensatiors. Kalman filters, Riccati equations and robust control design. CONTROL DESIGN FOR MULTIVARIABLE NONLINEAR SYSTEMS Relative degree for a single input single output nonlinear system. State feedback control design for input-output linearization. State feedback linearization when the relative degree is equal to the state space dimension. The definition of nonlinear inverse systems. Relative degrees or decoupling indices for multivariable (multi-input, multi-output) nonlinear systems. The definition of the decoupling matrix. State feedback control design for input-output linearization when the decoupling matrix is full rank using the Penrose pseudoinverse. State feedback linearization when the sum of relative degrees is equal to the state space dimension and the decoupling matrix is full rank. CASE STUDIES OF NONLINEAR MECHANICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS Control of bycicles, robots, vehicles and aircrafts
1. Introduction 2. Summary of the properties of the scattering matrix and of the ABCD matrix. 3. Planar realization of lines. The microstrip line. The coplanar line. The most widely used discontinuties for these two structures. 4. Realization of microwave integrated circuits. The hybrid integrated circuit configuration. The monolithic integrated circuit configuration. 5. Three-port networks. The general theorem for the three-port networks. The Wilkinson divider. 6. Four-port networks. The branch-line divider. The rat-race divider. The coupled-line structure. 7. Microwave planar filters. Microstrip low-pass filters consisting of cascaded "low-high-low" impedance lines. Bandpass filters designed with an approach based on a frequency transformation from the low-pass prototype to the microwave band-pass circuit. The periodic frequency transformation of Richards and its use in the filtering networks. 8. Switches. The p-i-n diode and the microelectromechanical switches. The single pole single throw (SPST) switch and the single pole double throw (SPDT) switch. 9. Phase shifters. The switched-line configuration. The reflection phase shifter. The loaded line topology. The distributed configuration.
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The course aims to provide a unified exposition of the most important steps and concerns in mathematical modeling and design of estimation and control algorithms for electrical machines such as: • permanent magnet synchronous motors • permanent magnet stepper motors • synchronous motors with damping windings • induction (asynchronous) motors • synchronous generators. The concepts of stability and nonlinear control theory are also recalled. Important features of the course include: mathematical modeling through nonlinear differential equations as well a wide-ranging discussion of (nonlinear) adaptive controls containing parameter estimation algorithms (important for applications). Applications include: learning control of robotic manipulators and cruise control of electrical vehicles.
