Corso di laurea magistrale - Area di Ingegneria - Accesso libero con verifica del possesso dei requisiti curriculari - Classe LM-30 (D.M. 270/2004)
Informazioni generali
Descrizione e obiettivi formativi
Il corso forma un profilo professionale di elevata qualificazione mediante approfondimenti tematici e metodologici nel settore dell'energia. Più segnatamente, assicura una adeguata padronanza nei settori delle macchine termiche, idrauliche ed elettriche, dei sistemi per la produzione di energia e nella termofluidodinamica industriale ed ambientale, che sia idonea a soddisfare le richieste di un significativo settore del mondo del lavoro relativamente alla ideazione, pianificazione, progettazione e gestione di sistemi e processi energetici complessi e/o innovativi.
Il corso fornisce competenze avanzate su: principi fisici, chimici ed elettrici associati alle tematiche energetiche; termofluidodinamica industriale ed ambientale; macchine a fluido ed elettriche; sistemi per l'energia e l'ambiente; impianti energetici convenzionali, avanzati ed innovativi e relativi aspetti di gestione e controllo.
Oggetto del corso di studi sono anche gli interventi e le iniziative industriali, civili e territoriali aventi significativa valenza e/o ricaduta sotto il profilo energetico-ambientale; la progettazione di macchine, apparecchiature e impianti di trasformazione, conversione e distribuzione dell'energia; i problemi di verifica funzionale e di gestione ottimizzata di impianti e sistemi energetici complessi.
Sbocchi professionali
Il laureato magistrale può trovare impiego: nelle aziende pubbliche e private che si occupano di studi di fattibilità, analisi tecnico-economiche e pianificazione nella produzione e uso razionale dell'energia; nelle industrie che producono e/o commercializzano e/o utilizzano macchine ed impianti di conversione e/o trasformazione di energia meccanica, elettrica e termica; nel settore della pianificazione, della gestione e dell'impiego ottimale dell'energia.
E' in grado di svolgere attività di ricerca di base e di ricerca industriale sui processi e sui sistemi attinenti alla conversione, alla trasformazione e all'utilizzo delle varie forme di energia; è altresì in grado di applicare le conoscenze acquisite e consolidate nelle discipline matematiche, fisiche e chimiche, nella termofluidodinamica teorica ed applicata e nelle tecnologie energetiche per l'ideazione, nonché nella progettazione e gestione dei sistemi e degli impianti energetici e dei loro componenti, garantendo il miglior impiego delle risorse con il minimo impatto ambientale. Sa progettare, collaudare, gestire e verificare sotto il profilo funzionale sistemi energetici anche complessi e basati sull'impiego di fonti primarie e vettori energetici diversi: impianti industriali, impianti tecnici, centrali per la produzione di energia elettrica (centrali termoelettriche, centrali idroelettriche, impianti basati su fonti rinnovabili), etc.
Valutazione della didattica - Studenti
Anno accademico precedente
Indicatori di efficacia e livello di soddisfazione dei laureandi
http://statistiche.almalaurea.it/universita/statistiche/trasparenza?CODICIONE=0580207303100001
Riferimenti web e contatti
Sito web: http://www.energetica.uniroma2.it/
Coordinatore:
Prof. Michela Vellini
tel 06 7259 7203
e-mail vellini@ing.uniroma2.it
Segreteria didattica:
Sig.ra Anna Mezzanotte
Tel: 06 7259 7156
E-mail: anna.mezzanotte@uniroma2.it
Per ulteriori informazioni consulta anche il sito web di Facoltà Macroarea:
http://ing.uniroma2.it/didattica/corsi-di-laurea/
1. From thermodynamics to energy. Definitions and conventions. Growth and saturation. Power and energy. Intermittence, simultaneity and correlated problems of yield, transport and accumulation. 2. Energy-environment interaction. Primary fossil sources: consumption and reserves. Reference scenarios and forecasts. The energy transition: pollution and sustainability. Social responsibility and green washing. 3. Cost, value, price of energy. Rates and cost polygonals. Elements of geopolitics. The different times of realization of the plants: fossil fuel; hydroelectric; to non-programmable renewable sources, in relation to the financial and socio-economic aspects. 4. Circular economy, territorial governance and energy sustainability. The role of finance in the short and long term. Problems of complexity. Development models and business models. 5. Electrical centralization. Technological levels of conversions and size problems. Security, reliability, functionality, resilience of systems and networks. 6. Thermal centralization. Cogeneration and district heating on a territorial scale. Energy poverty and energy pauperism. 7. Techno-economic analysis methodologies and feasibility studies. Duration curves. Outline of project financing. Safety, reliability, functionality. Resilience of electrical networks and systems. Risk analysis and LCA. Competing uses of resources. Priority in the uses of water. Biofuels and human nutrition. 8. Zero emission targets and technologies. The nuclear question as a system choice: strategic, industrial, energy. Nuclear proliferation. Confinement of waste. 9. Electricity market. White certificates and green certificates. Energy efficiency: regulatory framework and community policies. The Italian situation. External costs and CO2 emissions. Emission trading and technology transfer.
Methodologies for analysing power plants: generalities on first and second principle analyses; analysis of energy conversion cycles; overall efficiency and net heat rate; fuels; characteristic parameters of the combustion phase; environmental aspects: notes on thermal and gaseous emissions; regulated atmospheric pollutants; economic aspects: cost of electricity and cost of installed power Basic principles of cogeneration: thermodynamic fundamentals and introductory considerations; characteristic efficiencies and parameters; national overview of cogeneration Complementary analysis of components: heat exchange and heat exchangers; fossil-fueled steam generators; heat recovery steam generators; condensers and regenerators Diagnostics and monitoring: principles of diagnostics and monitoring; off-design operation assessment of turbomachinery and heat exchangers Power plants for cogeneration Power plants with steam turbines: complementary thermodynamic analysis; operational and technological limits of steam power plants; power plant schemes and overall performance; performance evaluation at nominal load; load variation; performance evaluation at partial load; influence of operating conditions on performance; power plant schemes for cogeneration applications; diagnostics and monitoring of performance; pollutant emissions and their treatment Power plants with gas turbomachinery: complementary thermodynamic analysis; operational and technological limits of gas turbines; power plant schemes and overall performance; performance evaluation at nominal load; load variation; performance evaluation at partial load; influence of operating conditions on performance; power plant schemes for cogeneration applications; diagnostics and monitoring of performance; pollutant emissions and their treatment Gas-steam combined cycle power plants: complementary thermodynamic analysis; basic power plant scheme and general considerations; power plant schemes and overall performance; performance evaluation at nominal load; load variation; performance evaluation at partial load; influence of operating conditions on performance; power plant schemes for cogeneration applications; diagnostics and monitoring of performance; pollutant emissions and their treatment ICE for stationary applications: classification and characteristic parameters; power plant schemes and overall performance; performance evaluation at nominal load; load variation; performance evaluation at partial load; influence of operating conditions on performance; power plant schemes for cogeneration applications; pollutant emissions and their treatment Selection and design of cogeneration plants: high-efficiency cogeneration (HEC); characterisation of HEC power plants; methodologies to select and design cogeneration power plants; application examples
- Definition and classification of pollutant emissions. Analysis of the environmental impact of CO2 emissions and classification of emission scopes (Emission Scope 1, 2 & 3). Analysis of the objectives and milestones set by the international community for achieving complete decarbonisation by 2050 and planning for their achievement. - Techniques and methodologies for reducing CO2 emissions and achieving the 2050 objectives. Concepts of Life Cycle Assessment and Circular Economy. Examination of emission factors in relation to energy system analysis. Discussion of techniques and methodologies for upstream and downstream CO2 emissions reduction. Introduction of alternative fuels with reduced environmental impact aiming to reduce polluting emissions upstream of the conversion process. Examination of Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) techniques and the utilisation of CO2 through Carbon Capture & Utilization (CCU) techniques. - Introduction to the concepts of techno-economic environmental feasibility and optimisation. Analysis of parameters (investment and operational costs, revenues) that significantly affect decarbonisation costs. Examination of CO2 credits, Carbon Tax, and Blockchain for CO2 credit trading. Overview of the validation, certification, and trading process of pollutant emissions, with reference to regulatory bodies and certification entities (Verra, GoldStandard, BSI, Bureau Veritas). Definition of the entire decarbonisation process and optimisation issues. - Modelling techniques for energy system components using a zero-dimensional black/grey box approach to simulate the behaviour of the energy system and optimise the preliminary design (Master-Planning) and operational conditions (Optimal Dispatch) to reduce costs and CO2 emissions. - Numerical optimisation techniques supported by developing hybrid algorithms (evolutionary-stochastic & deterministic) using Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning techniques. - Methodology for formulating a multi-objective optimisation problem to solve techno-economic environmental feasibility problems and evaluate CO2 emissions reduction upstream and downstream. - Case studies and exercises to evaluate emission factors, feasibility analysis, and roadmap towards the 2050 objectives.
Elements of measurement theory and errors treatment. Objectives of the diagnostic measurements in thermonuclear fusion reactors. Measurements and reconstructions of electromagnetic fields • Elements of electromagnetism for the passive identification of the magnetic fields • Introduction to laser and neutral beam technologies for the internal measurements of the magnetic fields • Integration of diagnostic measurements for the identification and control of the magnetic configuration Diagnostics for the kinetic quantities • Basics elements of interferometry and reflectometry for the measurements of the electron density • Cyclotron emission and Thomson scattering for the measurements of the electron temperature profiles Measurements of the fusion products • Basics of fusion reactions • Physics of neutron detectors • Measurements techniques for the alpha particles Basics of atomic physics for the spectroscopic measurements of impurities Post processing techniques of experimental data
Elements of Transport Phenomena: -) Transport of Matter.• -) Transport of Energy The separation processes: -) distillation columns - analysis of process diagrams, construction details, design methods, process control. • -) The absorption process - analysis of process schemes, solvents used, stripping, process control.• -) The adsorption process - analysis of process schemes, adsorbing materials, rege
Equations of fluid machinery o Description of stress/strain models. o Material and non-material description of the motion. Reynolds Transport theorem. o Integral and continuity differential equations, momentum (Navier-Stokes), energy in mechanical and entropic therma-transient form. Relative motion. Inertial forces. o Dynamics of vorticity. Rotational and irrotational flows. Actions on wing profiles. Kelvin's theorem. Examples of potential flow calculation around aerodynamic profiles. o Boundary layer: local and global parameters, turbulent laminar transition, hints on control. • General information on turbomachinery design and operation parameters o Dimensionless parameters o Classification and choice of turbomachines through dimensionless parameters o Influence of viscosity, size effects and cavitation. o Similarity in thermal turbomachinery. o Operating(characteristic) curves. • Transformations in turbomachinery o Efficiency, loss coefficients. o Euler wrok, integral equation of moment of momentum. o One-dimensional analysis of a stage, graphic representation. o Degree of reaction of a stage. o Dimensionless analysis of a stage o Repeated stage, normal stage. • Flow analysis in turbomachinery o Coordinates and reference systems; schematic of the flow field. o Geometry, cascades, cascade performances. o 2D cascade, radial cascade. o Radial equilibrium, free and forced vortex. o Secondary flows, profile losses and mixing effects. o General theory of diffusers, efficiency, pressure recovery coefficient. • Axial compressors o General description. o Velocity diagrams, efficiency, degree of reaction, optimization of the stage. o Comparison between stages with different degrees of reaction. IGV. o Main profiles used. Pressure and speed distribution around the profile. Calculation of optimal incidence angles. o Main design correlations. Load criteria for axial cascade. Profile losses. Design of the main aerodynamic profiles used for compressors. o Off-design behavior of cascades. o Transonic stages and proifles. Supersonic compressors. o Ring losses, secondary losses. o Axial fans and propellers. o Outline of the 3D design methodologies of complex blades. o Outline of matching in multi-stage compressors. o Design of an axial multistage compressor. • Centrifugal compressors o General description. o Actual operation of centrifugal compressors. o Load reduction coefficient (slip-factor). Stodola theory, main correlations. o Design of the impeller. Meridian channel, number of blades, efficiency, incidence, vaneless and vaned diffusers. Volute casing. Main types of losses. o Notes on centrifugal fans. • Abnormal operation of compressors. o Stall, surge: generalities. o Elementary theory of the rotating stall. o Elementary surge theory. o Compressor instability. • Analysis of system-machine coupling. o External characteristic curve, match with the machine characteristic curve. o Machines and systems for compressible and incompressible fluids. o Complex branched circuits. o Cavitation for incompressible fluid machines o Flow rate control in circuits: throttling, bypass and speed control strategies. Flow control in compressible fluid machines. • Axial and radial turbines. o General aspects, velocity coefficient o Smith diagrams o Choice of aerodynamic profile o Basic design strategies for radial turbines.
Presentation of the main measuring instruments in the energy sector. Thermocouples, flow meters, current clamps, and others. Introduction to PC data acquisition systems, components, configuration and software. References to elements of measurement systems, validity of a measurement, definition of error, calibration of instruments, dynamic measurements. Statistical analysis of experimental data, general concepts and definitions, probability, estimation of parameters, correlation of experimental data. Propagation of measurement uncertainty. Guidelines for planning and documenting experiments. Applications in the energy sector. Specific laboratory experiences will be developed during the course in order to consolidate the theoretical aspects by applying them to two applications of interest in the energy sector. Applications will range from the use of biomass in thermochemical conversion processes to the development of hybrid fuel cell powertrains, from the use and testing of innovative photovoltaic systems to the testing of innovative energy materials in fuel cells or redox flow batteries. As part of these experiments, the notions mentioned during the theoretical lessons will be applied for the rigorous evaluation of the energy performance of the systems under study and related experimental uncertainty.
Gas dynamics equations. Brief review of thermodynamics. Compressibility and speed of sound. Real gases and their modeling. Navier-Stokes equation. Euler equation. Vector and index notation. Mach number. Wave propagation in fluids. Acoustic equations for perfect gases and small perturbations. Sound propagation in the air. Representation in Fourier space. Shock waves Phenomenology. Definition of shock wave. Jump relations due to normal shock and oblique shock. Overview on shock in real gases and liquids and connection with cavitation. Quasi-1D flows. Equations for compressible quasi-1D flows. Converging and divergent ducts. Role of the throat section. Convergent-divergent nozzle and its applications. Rarefied gases Kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Knudsen's number and wall slippage. Gasdynamics in mechanical microdevices. Experimental and numerical approaches. Method of characteristics and overview on its numerical implementation. Methods for numerical solution of compressible flows. Experimental visualization of shock waves.
Applied thermodynamics: extrinsic thermodynamic quantities: exergy, chemical potentials,; solutions of some problems of thermo fluid dynamics. Heat Transfer: solution of specific heat conduction problems, numerical solution methods: finite differences, finite elements, thermal mechanical analogy of Reynolds and Prandtl Taylor; Nusselt theory of condensation; Hottel Egbert theory for radiation heat transfer between solid surfaces and gases). Thermal Components: steam generators; chimneys, heat pipes, cooling towers, alternative and centrifugal compressors, thermostatic valves, regulation systems (part load operation) Thermal plants: detailed description of air and water plants, absorption chillers, heat pumps, cryogenic plants, heat storage. PRACTISE: check of a smoke tube steam generator sizing; design of chimney for smoke removal.
Energy, technology and sustainability.Energy storage and conversion. Fundamentals of electrochemistry for energy storage devices. Electrochemical technologies:- Primary cells (materials and electrochemistry): Zn / MnO2, Zn / Ag, Zn / Air, Li metal- Batteries (materials and electrochemistry): lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Beyond Li: Li-S and Na-ion- Capacitors and electrolytic capacitors- Supercapacitors: materials, electrolytes, electrochemical characterizations- Fuel cells. Properties, efficiency and operating principles. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Polymeric electrolytes with proton and anion exchange. Electrocatalysts. Solid oxide fuel cells. Enzymatic fuel cells and microbiological fuel cells.Solar photovoltaic. Basics. Inorganic solar cells (monocrystalline and multicrystalline Si semiconductors III-V and II-VI, thin-film systems). Organic and hybrid solar cells (PEDOT and other polymers).Biomass. Chemical composition of biomass. Responsiveness and conversion options. Thermochemical processes. Biochemical processes.Nuclear chemistry. Radioactive decay. Types of decay. Stability of the nuclei. Nuclear binding energy. Chemical reactions vs. nuclear reactions. Fission, Fusion, Transmutation.
This course aims at providing students with the analytical tools and methodological skills that are necessary to understand the origins of contemporary environmental problems, and to identify the appropriate policies to solve them. During the course, the most recent developments and debates in environmental and natural resource economics will be addressed. Environmental economics studies the complex relations between economics and the environment. The starting point of the course is the recognition that, in several cases, markets do not provide the right amount of environmental protection, and that some government intervention is frequently needed to balance different social needs. In a world where human pressure and economic activities stress the environment by exploiting fisheries, forests, minerals, energy sources, and other environmental resources, it is increasingly important to study how economic tools can be used to develop sustainable environmental approaches and policies. During the course, a selection of specific topics will be treated at an intermediate-advanced level: 1. The sources of environmental problems: property rights and externalities This part of the course introduces the general conceptual framework used to approach environmental problems. After an examination of the relationship between human actions, as manifested through the economic system, and the environmental system (intended both as a source of resources and as a sink), some of the most commonly used criteria for judging the desirability of the outcomes of this relationship are discussed. The manner in which producers and consumers use environmental resources depends on the property rights governing those resources. It will be shown that environmental problems can arise from violations of the characteristics which define an efficient property rights structure. 2. Pollution: efficient targets and policy responses The problem of pollution is a major concern of environmental economics. On the basis of the mechanisms through which pollution damage the environment, different targets and policies can be identified. Methods of attaining pollution targets will be considered also in contexts characterized by limited information, uncertainty, non-perfectly competitive markets, irreversibilities. Since many environmental problems spill over national boundaries, particular attention will be devoted also to international cooperation and agreements. 3. Global pollutants and Climate change issues Climate change is widely recognized as the major environmental problem facing the planet. This part of the course provides an overview of the history of the international policy negotiations, with a specific focus on Carbon Markets, Carbon Finance and the Paris Agreement. The recent EU Green Deal, aiming at zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050 in the EU, will also be scrutinized. 4. Dynamic efficiency and sustainable development This section of the course addresses the optimal allocation of depletable resources (e.g. oil), by making reference to the concepts of efficiency (static and dynamic), starting from two period models to consider more complex analytical models (N periods, perfect competition vs monopolistic market). The links between depletable resources use and sustainable development will also be discussed. 5. Energy issues World primary energy demand is expected to increase dramatically in the next 25 years. Meeting this demand will not be easy in a global energy system constrained by geopolitical insecurities, scarcities of energy supply and use, and growing regulatory pressures to reduce carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. This part of the course will be devoted to the analysis of energy markets, by considering our dependence from fossil fuels but also problems emerging in the transition to other sources (non-conventional sources – shale gas and oil; uranium; renewables). 6. Behavioral environmental economics After a brief introduction on the main cognitive biases which affect individual decision making processes, the course will provide a review of the main contributions of the environmental economics literature on the drivers of environmental behaviors and on the use of soft policy instruments. 7. Waste management, policies and the Circular Economy. Inefficiencies in waste production and disposal decisions depend on wrong individual incentives (of producers and consumers). After an examination of waste problems, this part will review the recent economic literature on extrinsic and intrinsic motivations for individual behaviors. An overview on the so called Circular Economy, will be provided, with special attention to data and evidence on the transition towards a circular economic system.
Introduction to Renewables: Notes on Wind, Hydroelectric, Biomass Mini-wind systems, Mini-hydroelectric systems General information on biomass Photovoltaics Introduction to photovoltaic systems Realization of new generation devices Measurement techniques Stability and Certification Strategies for frontiers technologies Accumulation Energy storage: batteries and supercapacitors Functional parameters Methods of realization and characterization Introduction to energy efficiency Energy efficiency LED: High energy efficiency optical sources - Materials and technological solutions, quantum efficiency, spectral characteristics - Characterization of LEDs as optical sources: spectrum measurement with optical spectrum analyzer emission and P-I characteristics - Colorimetric measurements Design of integrated lighting system (space, generators) to be applied for the optical communication in the visible (VLC) LASER - Energy efficiency in technological processes Introduction Principles of various types of lasers applied to industry Laser processing for materials and devices Introduction to the concept of a product life cycle analysis.
Power plants fed by fossil fuels with ultra-low CO2 emissions Technologies to reduce CO2 emissions from thermal power plants: general aspects; post-combustion capture (removal from flue gas); capture by oxyfuel combustion; pre-combustion capture. Achievable results and comparisons. Fossil fuel decarbonisation systems: analysis of decarbonisation technologies and integration between thermodynamic cycle and syngas (hydrogen) production and purification system. Energy balances and performance evaluation Power plants with no-CO2 emissions Energy conversion cycles for small-scale power generation by using heat recovery and/or renewable sources Selection and design of turbomachinery operating with non-conventional fluids in new decarbonised energy systems Concentrating Solar Power (CSP): solar energy concentration, thermal storage, conversion technologies for CSP plants. National and international experiences.
Programma di Gestione Dei Consumi Energetici: Introduction to Energy Management: Energy management basics. Enterprise as an Energy System. Energy Efficiency. The role of the Energy Manager. Approach to Energy management approach: Quick fixes, Energy Projects and Comprehensive Energy Management. Energy Audit: energy auditing basics, energy data collection, energy bill analysis, energy consumption analysis, electrical system audit, lighting system audit, air compressed system audit, HVAC system audit, thermal system audit, energy audit reporting, energy economics and energy projects evaluation. Energy consumption monitoring and control: defining an energy consumption measurement system, energy consumption targeting, energy consumption monitoring, energy consumption control (CUSUM chart and control chart), Energy Key performance indicators, Information system for energy management. Energy management system: basics of management system, ISO 50001 standard. Energy Service Contract.
Introduction to the physics of fusion measures Temp Plasma Black Body Introduction at spontaneous emission, induced absorption properties Electromegnatic Waves e.m. Ray Tracing ABCD Pumping processes optical cavities CW lasers, pulsed lasers, Q swicthing, Types of sources: gas, solid-state diode Fabry Perot laser two, three and four levels CO2 lasers, Nd: YAG Laser Tunable Mode locking, ultrashort pulse laser Environmental Remote Sensing: diffusion and absorption of laser radiation, Lidar Dial Examples Interaction laser material for the production of plasma Applications for production of laser plasma EUV light, biological applications Application to Inertial Fusion Important variables to measure and overview of diagnostic plasma Measurements of plasma temperature
Programma di Interazione Tra Le Macchine E L'ambiente: Aim fo the Course: The course aims to provide the basic principles and methodological basis for the setting of environmental impact studies related to energy production systems with special attention to composition processes and pollutant reduction systems. Contents: - Atmospheric pollutant emissions characterization and classification. Main formation mechanisms. Pollutant emissions in steam turbines power plants. Removal mechanisms for particulate matters (filters, electrostatic precipitators), for SOx (Flue gas desulphurization) for NOx (Selective Catalytic and non Catalytic Reactors). Pollutant emissions formation and control in gas turbines power plants. Pollutant emissions formation and control in internal combustion engines. Elements of meteorology. Diffusion and dispersion of atmospheric pollutant emissions. Stability of atmosphere. Stability classes. The gaussian model to evaluate the pollutant emissions dispersion and diffusion. An outline of acoustic and thermal pollution Examination procedures: The exam of IMA consists of an oral final examination
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ntroduction - The principle of scarsity in economics Demand and Supply: -The Market Mechanism -Changes in Market Equilibrium -Elasticities of Supply and Demand -Short-Run versus Long-Run Elasticities -Understanding and Predicting the Effects of Changing Market Conditions -Effects of Government Intervention—Price Controls Consumer Conduct - Budget Constraints - Consumer Choice - Marginal Utility and Consumer Choice - Substitution and Income effects - Cojoint analysis for consumer appliances choice - Energy and Consumer choice Energy Data and Energy Balance - Introduction. - Energy Basics - Energy Defined - Alternative Classifications of Energy. - Introduction to the Energy System - Energy Information - Energy Accounting Framework - Components of the Energy Account -Commodity Accounts and Overall Energy Balance - Units, Conversion Factors and Aggregation of Energy Flows Understanding and Analysing Energy Demand - Introduction - Evolution of Demand Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.3 Overview of Energy Demand Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.4 Economic Foundations of Energy Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.4.1 Consumer Demand for Energy: Utility Maximization Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.4.2 Cost Minimization Problem of the Producer. . . . . . . . 50 3.5 Alternative Approaches for Energy Demand Analysis. . . . . . . 51 3.5.1 Descriptive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.6 Factor (or Decomposition) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.6.1 Analysis of Change in Total Energy Demand. . . . . . . 58 3.6.2 Analysis of Changes in Energy Intensity . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.7 Analysis Using Physical Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.8 Energy Demand Analysis Using the Econometric Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
SELECTION, RATING AND SIZING OF MACHINES AND HEAT EXCHANGERS Multistage turbomachines: layout and design considerations. Gas turbines: layout, design considerations on compressor and turbine; applications. Compressors: mono- and multi-stage machine layout; applications. Introductory remarks about volumetric machines. Fundamentals about heat exchanger design and sizing procedures, with reference to plate, shell-and-tube, compact heat-exchangers. OFF-DESIGN BEHAVIOR OF COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS Fluid dynamic similarity criteria applied to the design of full-scale or prototypal machines and heat exchangers. Dimensionless parameters. Corrected parameters. Operating parameters and performance curves of machines and heat exchangers. Off-design behaviour analysis of dynamic and volumetric machines (turbines, pumps, compressors) and heat exchangers. Off-design behaviour and control of complex energy systems, such as gas turbines, steam power plants or heat pumps. Test and monitoring procedures for machines, heat exchangers and whole energy systems. Modelling and simulation of the dynamic behaviour of components and systems in Simscape.
The teaching, consists of 6ECTS and require a diligence of the student of 210 hour: 90 hours of lessons with the teacher and 120 hours of application. At the end of teaching the student have to make, positively, a final examination consisting at first in a written test and in an oral test. The student have also to present a tutorial book under the guidance of the teacher. At the end, if the response is positive, the teacher establish a numerical evaluation between 18 to 30/30. On the contrary, the student is failed and have to repeat all the tests until to a positive response if he want that the 6 ETCS are valid for the final degree. Italian and EU regulation concerning the waste management. Classification (according to Italian and EU regulation) and main properties of wastes. Quantity and quality of the produced wastes considering their origin. Waste recovery and waste disposal: main techniques and systems. The Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plants: techniques, systems and design criteria for the municipal solid waste. The biological treatment of the waste: aerobic stabilization, composting, anaerobic digestion; techniques, systems and design criteria for the municipal solid waste. Waste to Energy (WTE) treatment plants: basilar processes; combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. The MSW Waste to energy incineration plant: techniques, systems and design criteria. The air pollution control system: techniques, facilities and design criteria. The residues of the process: characterization, environmental behaviour and evaluation of their recovery and/or disposal. Exercitation on the main subject of the teaching. Final design of a waste management system (i.e. waste collection system or a MBT plant or a WTE plant or a Sanitary Landfill) Time application and final evaluation criteria
Introduction and course overview; basic notions of atomic and nuclear structure; binding energies; nuclear stability; main modes of nuclear decay; energy of the decay of alpha particles; energy of beta decays, gamma emissions, internal conversion, electron capture; Bates equations - single decay; Specific activity; Bates equations - series decay; interactions of radiation, heavy ions, Bethe-Bloch equation; types of radiation fields; sources of natural and artificial radiation; characteristics and standards of the reference / calibration field; corrections of dispersion, shadow cone and distance variation; sources of radionuclides; accelerators; generality of the detectors (intrinsic and geometric efficiency); operating modes (current, integration, impulse); ionization chambers (integration, current and pulse modes); signal formation and collection; proportional counters; signal formation and operating parameters; operation and data acquisition; scintillators; operating principles (organic and inorganic materials); gamma spectroscopy (full energy peak, single / multiple Compton regions); gamma spectroscopy (annihilation photons, X-rays, Bremsstrahlung); analysis of gamma spectra from various sources (inorganic and organic scintillator spectra); Nuclear interactions used in neutron detection; general information on neutron detection; proportional counters BF3 and He-3 for neutrons; resolution, pulse spectrum wall effects; fission detectors, boron coated detectors; neutron spectrometry vs photon spectroscopy, sandwich detectors; proton recoil detectors; systems based on moderation, self-powered in-core detectors, activation detectors, criticality detectors; basic concepts of nuclear electronics; semiconductor detectors: PN diode electronics, detection; detection systems for security; measurement of the response plateau and characteristics of dead times; Geiger-Muller counters; data analysis: Poisson statistics, Chi-squared test; Detectors for RN contamination monitoring in case of unconventional events.
Classification and chemical-physical properties of pollutants, Transformation of pollutants in the subsoil. Physical transformations: adsorption, water-soil distribution, volatilization phenomena. Biotic and abiotic chemical transformations. Transport of pollutants in the subsoil: Hydrogeological cycle, Soil and its vertical profile, Physical parameters of the soil. Transport of pollutants in the atmosphere. Atmosphere structure, Air composition, Main physical parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, solar radiation), The energy balance, Main pollutants and pollution sources, Spatial and temporal scales of atmospheric processes, Definition of Atmospheric Boundary Layer , Atmospheric stability and stability classes, Thermal inversion: day-night trend, Wind (global and local circulation), Deposition (dry, wet) Atmospheric transport phenomena: Fluid dynamic field, Transport and dispersion of the contaminant in the atmosphere, Diffusion equation solutions (analytical and numerical), Air quality models (deterministic and stochastic) Atmospheric transport: Main characteristic parameters of open and confined environments. Saturated and unsaturated soil migration in open environments (outdoor). Saturated and unsaturated soil migration in confined spaces (indoor). Applications: Dispersion of polluted substances in the atmosphere: application of the Screenview model. Pollutant transformations in the atmosphere: deposition processes of pollutants: dry and wet deposition of gaseous and particulate pollutants; models for estimating deposition rates. Photochemical processes: primary and secondary pollutants, photochemical processes between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, formation of tropospheric ozone, photochemical pollution events. Exercises: Dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere: application of the deposition patterns of pollutants. Environmental impact assessment (EIA): Definition of basic concepts and field of application of the environmental impact assessment. Legislation, environmental impact study, identification of significant impacts, estimation of impacts, uncertainty of forecasts, technical evaluation of impacts, environmental quality components, environmental indicators, criteria of acceptability of the induced impacts. Risk analysis applied to contaminated sites.
The program is divided into two parts, one of a general nature and a more specific one oriented to the application of the concepts of sustainability and circular economy to the photovoltaic sector. First part (general) - Circular and photovoltaic economy 1. International organizations and climate constraints 2.Climate Change. Decarbonisation. Paris Agreement 3. Businesses and sustainability. Externalities. Application to RES 4. Regulatory and regulatory framework 5. Emerging photovoltaic technologies. Application sectors 6. Impact of photovoltaics on the electricity market
