Corso di laurea magistrale - Area di Ingegneria - Accesso libero con verifica del possesso dei requisiti curriculari - Classe LM-35 (D.M. 270/2004)
Informazioni generali
Descrizione e obiettivi formativi
Il corso si propone di formare esperti nell'ambito della protezione dell’uomo e degli ambienti naturali dagli effetti nocivi derivanti dalle attività umane e dai fattori naturali avversi, e della gestione del territorio e delle risorse sia a livello locale che globale.
Il Corso forma un ingegnere con ampia preparazione interdisciplinare, finalizzata alla progettazione e alla realizzazione di opere di ingegneria civile (idraulica, geotecnica, urbanistica, trasporti), impiantistica (macchine), ambientale (trattamento acque, rifiuti e bonifica dei siti contaminati, inquinamento elettromagnetico), energetica (fonti rinnovabili ed energie sostenibili), a livello di specializzazione, in modo consapevole dei vincoli, delle condizioni, delle implicazioni operative poste dalle esigenze di sicurezza, tutela e compatibilità ambientale e territoriale.
Il percorso formativo prevede una ampia parte comune, che viene completata, nel secondo anno, con approfondimenti, a scelta, in aree dell'ingegneria civile, della sostenibilità e sicurezza ambientali e territoriali.
Sbocchi professionali
Il laureato magistrale nel Corso possiede conoscenze applicative - professionali mancanti al laureato triennale; egli sa elaborare soluzioni originali in un'ampia gamma di problemi di natura tecnica, tecnologica, progettuale, e progettare componenti e sistemi complessi (impianti) in ambiti sia ambientali che territoriali.
Il laureato può svolgere: progettazione e direzione dei lavori nelle opere civili, di impiantistica ambientale, nelle infrastrutture energetiche; analisi e verifica di impatto ambientale; coordinamento e direzione delle attività di prevenzione, protezione e sicurezza negli ambienti di lavoro e nell'ambiente esterno; progettazione e conduzione di sistemi per il monitoraggio ambientale; produzione di informazioni e dati ambientali e territoriali.
Tali sbocchi professionali riguardano le aree dell’ingegneria ambientale e territoriale e includono: progettazione di infrastrutture, di impianti, di sistemi informativi e di servizi territoriali; elaborazione di piani territoriali per la tutela dell'ambiente e per lo smaltimento dei rifiuti; ricerca applicata e lo sviluppo innovativo di tecnologie relative alla interazione tra opere della ingegneria e l'ambiente; osservazione della terra e le valutazioni di impatto ambientale.
Condizione occupazionale (indicatori di efficacia e livello di soddisfazione dei laureandi):
http://statistiche.almalaurea.it/universita/statistiche/trasparenza?CODICIONE=0580207303600002
Valutazione della didattica - Studenti
Anno accademico precedente
Riferimenti web e contatti
Sito Web: http://dicii.uniroma2.it/?PG=48.10.1
Coordinatore: Prof. Francesco Lombardi
E-mail: lombardi@ing.uniroma2.it
Segreteria didattica
dott.ssa Maria Luisa Cottone – sig.ra Maria Beatrice Giambenedetti
tel. 0672597003/55
e-mail didattica.civile@ing.uniroma2.it
Per ulteriori informazioni consulta anche il sito web di Facoltà:
http://ing.uniroma2.it/didattica/corsi-di-laurea/
Chemistry and environment. Air, water, soil and living organisms. Element cycles in the environment. Atmospheric pollution. Analytical techniques for the pollutant detection. Spectroscopy principles. UV-visible spectroscopy. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Atomic absorption. Nuclear magnetic resonances. Mass spectrospy. Gas Chromatography. GC-MS. Liquid chromatography. HPLC. Chemical sensors, Biosensors and Sensor arrays. Exploitation of chemical sensors in the environmental analyses. Nuclear chemistry. Radioactivity. Non chemical sources of pollution (physical: noise; temperature, etc; biological: microorganisms, insects, etc.)
Contents: - Key topics covered during the course are listed below : Basics: the energy equation and analysis of work exchange between the fluid and the machine, similarity theory , dimensionless parameters. Specific speed of the machines and its use as a choice criterion. Machine classification and applications Incompressible fluid machines : Dynamic Pumps: type, operation, different field of utilization based on the specific speed; prevalence, work, power, efficiency, performance curves. Suction issues and limit the height of suction, cavitation. Reciprocating positive displacement pumps: fields of application and operating principles , flow rate and volumetric efficiency . Rotary positive displacement pumps : field of application , type and operating principles. Compressible fluid machines : Energy transfer, operating characteristic curves on the plane H-Q. Radial compressors: design characteristics, velocity triangles as a function of the curvature of rotor blades . Reciprocating displacement compressors: design characteristics, expression of the volumetric efficiency , double-acting compressors and multi-stage intercooling and its advantages, the indicated diagram, volumetric flow, work, power, efficiency. Rotary displacement compressors : design characteristics and working principles Circuits : Calculation of the external characteristic for simple and complex circuits . Concentrated and distributed losses, Circuit/machine coupling issues. Flow rate regulation for pumps and compressors Pumps in series and in parallel. Treatment and distribution of fluids , tanks, distribution lines, treatment groups . Fundamentals of Hydraulics and Pneumatic Actuators , Pneumatic Cylinders : description , performance, types , sizes , connections and choice. Hydraulic motors and tires . More information about the course and lessons , especially the examples discussed in class and exam papers are made available through the pages of the course at: http://didattica.uniroma2.it
Programma di Interazione Tra Le Macchine E L'ambiente: Aim fo the Course: The course aims to provide the basic principles and methodological basis for the setting of environmental impact studies related to energy production systems with special attention to composition processes and pollutant reduction systems. Contents: - Atmospheric pollutant emissions characterization and classification. Main formation mechanisms. Pollutant emissions in steam turbines power plants. Removal mechanisms for particulate matters (filters, electrostatic precipitators), for SOx (Flue gas desulphurization) for NOx (Selective Catalytic and non Catalytic Reactors). Pollutant emissions formation and control in gas turbines power plants. Pollutant emissions formation and control in internal combustion engines. Elements of meteorology. Diffusion and dispersion of atmospheric pollutant emissions. Stability of atmosphere. Stability classes. The gaussian model to evaluate the pollutant emissions dispersion and diffusion. An outline of acoustic and thermal pollution Examination procedures: The exam of IMA consists of an oral final examination
Fundamentals of electromagnetics. Interactions between electromagnetic waves and biologocial systems. Electromagnetics fields generated by electric lines and at industrial frequencies (plus use of software packages). High frequency devices. Methodologies for the measuremnt of electromagnetic fields at low and high frequencies. Regulation about electromagnetic pollution. Techiques for reduction to conformity to regulations
Geological aspects: sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic rocks; geological maps; discontinuities of rock masses; quarries; Mechanics of partially saturated soils: soils compaction; effective pressure and filtration in soils; Earthworks and river banks: dragging actions and erosion; stability of earthworks under static or dynamic actions; effectiveness of diaphragms in embankments and foundation soils. Effects of soil erosion on the safety of foundations of river bridges. Ground motion induced by drainage, underground excavations, underground erosion; measures for controlling and reducing displacements. Safety of the foundations of fluvial bridges. Debris flows.
Classification and chemical-physical properties of pollutants, Transformation of pollutants in the subsoil. Physical transformations: adsorption, water-soil distribution, volatilization phenomena. Biotic and abiotic chemical transformations. Atmosphere: Atmosphere structure, Air composition, Main physical parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, solar radiation), The energy balance, Main pollutants and pollution sources, Spatial and temporal scales of atmospheric processes, Definition of Atmospheric Boundary Layer , Atmospheric stability and stability classes, Thermal inversion: day-night trend, Wind (global and local circulation), Deposition (dry, wet). Atmospheric transport phenomena: Fluid dynamic field, Transport and dispersion of the contaminant in the atmosphere, Diffusion equation solutions (analytical and numerical), Air quality models (deterministic and stochastic), Gaussian models. Pollutant transformations in the atmosphere: deposition processes of pollutants: dry and wet deposition of gaseous and particulate pollutants; models for estimating deposition rates. Photochemical processes: primary and secondary pollutants, photochemical processes between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, formation of tropospheric ozone, photochemical pollution events. Soil: Hydrogeological cycle, Soil and its vertical profile, Physical parameters of the soil. Volatilization of the pollutants from the subsurface to the atmosphere: Main characteristic parameters of open and confined environments. Vapor migration in open environments (outdoor). Vapor migration in confined spaces (indoor). Equation for transport and diffusion of the contaminant in the unsaturated zone. Richards equation. Analytical and numerical solution methods of differential equations. Analytical and numerical models for the transport of contaminants in the unsaturated zone. Motion field in the saturated zone: Energy and filtration motions. Motion field in the saturated zone (Darcy's Law - Equation of mass conservation). Equation for transport and diffusion of the contaminant in the saturated zone. Notes on the transport of pollutants in surface water bodies. Lake hydrodynamics, water deoxygenation, lake stratification, eutrophication (balance equation of dissolved phosphorus, algal biomass, sediment, phosphorus at the bottom), classification of lakes, load balance of phosphorus (localized loads, diffuse loads), interventions for the limitation of loads, restoration techniques and treatment techniques. Risk analysis applied to contaminated sites. Environmental impact assessment (EIA): Definition of basic concepts and field of application of the environmental impact assessment. Legislation, environmental impact study, identification of significant impacts, estimation of impacts, uncertainty of forecasts, technical evaluation of impacts, environmental quality components, environmental indicators, criteria of acceptability of the induced impacts. Applications: Dispersion of polluted substances in the atmosphere: application of the Screenview model. Dispersion of polluted in saturated area: application of the FEFLOW model. Risk analysis applied to contaminated sites: application of the Risk-net software.
Introduction to traffic engineering. Elements of road transport modelling (supply, demand, path choice, equilibrium assignment with existence, uniqueness and solution algorithms for network flow calculation). Uninterrupted flow theory: variables, statistical models, traffic flow condition, speed-density-flow relationships, capacity and level of service. Interrupted flow theory: signalized intersections and roundabouts. Intelligent Transport Systems: basics, traffic monitoring, user information, traffic enforcement, cooperative ITS. Practical Application: road transport modelling and simulation for the assessment of the Road Traffic Plan of a medium-sized urban city.
List of topics: Topic 1 Water availability (water cycle, freshwater sources) Topic 2 Water scarcity: analysis of cases and effects of climate change Topic 3 Water and the SDGs Topic 4 Water footprint and virtual water Topic 5 Water, Energy, Food nexus Topic 6 Water quality (review of main water quality parameters and emerging contaminants, e.g. microplastics and PFOS/PFOA) Topic 7 Water Framework directive + legislation on WHO guidelines for drinking water, EU Blue Print 2012 document (the Urban Waste Water Directive (91/271/EEC); the Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC); the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC); the Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC); The Floods Directive (2007/60/EC), Groundwater pollution 2006 Topic 8 Quality of European Waters: status and pressures (EEA report 2018) Topic 9 Water supply management Topic 10 Water safety plans (approach and examples) Topic 11 Water distribution: addressing leaks Topic 12 Water treatment plants (main layout and units of potabilization plants): - Pre-treatment - Coagulation/flocculation - filtration - adsorption - ion exchange - disinfection methods (chemical disinfection, UV, ozonation) - Advanced filtration processes, Inverse osmosis - Management of solid residues (brines) Topic 13 Decentralized supply systems (examples of good practices for the Developing world and emergencies) Topic 14 Urban water management (e.g. sponge city, rainwater storage, green roofs and other) Topic 15 Road runoff water management (e.g. BMPs ) Topic 16 Water reuse and zero water discharge concept
The course will address the issue of “ Sustainable development and decent work”. Goal n. 8 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Decent work and economic growth) brings together the commitment to promote «sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth» and the commitment to promote «full and productive employment and decent work for all». The notion of “ decent work” will be fleshed out drawing on some crucial issues related to labour market as well as some of the most important international documents referring to it.
Introduction (The electromagnetic spectrum, the end-to-end system, international and operational scenarios), Interaction between electromagnetic waves and natural media (Electromagnetic fields and complex representation, fundamentals of propagation, spontaneus emission, waves and surfaces interaction, the radiative transfer), Active and passive instruments (Instruments characterization, thermal, multispectral instruments, scanning techniques, microwave instruments, SAR images), Inversion techniques (the forward problem, the inverse problem, neural networks based inversion models), Applications (remote sensing of atmosphere, remote sensing of sea surface and oceans, remote sensing of land surface), Design of an END-to-END system
Basics of stratigraphy and tectonic. Plate tectonics and orogenesis. Landforms as an interaction between tectonics and erosion. The cycle of rocks: degradation erosion transport sedimentation diagenesis. Groundwater as a component of surface water. The aquifer. Recharge of the aquifer: water balance. Springs. Groundwater hydrodynamic. Pumping and groundwater flow models. Wells: drilling methods and pumping tests (APT SDT) Interpretive geological models for the design of works interacting with the environment and the land. Geological maps. Geological sections construction from geological maps and bore-hole logs.
Geologal aspects: sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic rocks; geological maps; discontinuities of rock masses; quarries; Mechanics of partially saturated soils: soils compaction; effective pressure and filtration in soils; Earthworks and river banks: dragging actions and erosion; stability of earthworks under static or dynamic actions; effectiveness of diaphragms in embankments and foundation soils. Effects of soil erosion on the safety of foundations of river bridges. Ground motion induced by drainage, underground excavations, underground erosion; measures for controlling and reducing displacements. Finite element analyses of coupled seepage and stability problems.
The Relevance of Territorial Risk in Italy; Definitions - Territory; Definitions - System; Definitions - Territory as a system; Definitions - Land management processes; Definitions - Law, Subjects and Competences; Definitions - Risk and Safety; Definitions - Risk prevention; Canonical approach to risk analysis; Systemic nature of the risk; Uncertainty in the estimation of risk; Multuhazard analysis: approaches; Systemic hazard analysis - premise; Systemic hazard analysis - proposed; The project proposal: the data system; The project proposal; ProjectIntroduction to ACCESS; Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
- Topic 1 : Introduction: overview of environmental sustainability, contamination phenomena in different environmental compartments (air, water and soil), environmental measurements and environmental cycles. - Topic 2 : Water quality issue, management and treatment: EU water framework Directive, traditional treatment processes in developed countries and approaches/technologies for the developing world. - Topic 3 : Integrated waste management strategies and technologies. Food waste management - Topic 4 : Urban air quality issue and treatment strategies; mitigation strategies for global issues: stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. - Topic 5 : Contaminated sites issue, management and remediation strategies. Case of Brownfield regeneration. - Topic 6 : Environmental impact assessment tools (life cycle assessment and environmental footprint). -Topic 7 : Environmental quality management tools (environmental management systems, EMAS, Eco-label).
Introduzione to SdGs related to environmental impacts but also to economical and social issues. Discussion of SdGs and of main indicators. Criteria for the evaluation of SdGs indicators. International guidelines for the environmental and social reporting. Green and sustainable metrics for universities. The sustanable universities national network and its guidelines for climate change mitigation, compensation and adaptation. Analysis and application of specific tools for the assessment of the environmental impacys of anthropogenic activities on environmental matrices (air, water, soil), which can be used within the policies aimed at preserving or regenerating their capacity to provide services to the ecosystems. Case study and application of Life Cycle Assessment.
Specific Learning Outcomes Steam cycle power plants: thermodynamic cycle, technology assessment, fuels used, off-design analysis and influence of operating conditions, environment impact Gas turbine power plants: thermodynamic cycle, technology assessment, fuels used, off-design analysis and influence of operating conditions, environment impact Combined Cycle Power plants: thermodynamic cycle, technology assessment, fuels used, off-design analysis and influence of operating conditions, environment impact Combined heat and power plants: technology assessment, economic feasibility, operating conditions, environment impact, energy savings, evaluation indexes. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants: technology assessment, operating conditions, environment impact. Techniques for a clean utilization of heavy fuels (gasification of coal and refinery residuals). Steam injection gas turbine (STIG) cycle: thermodynamic cycle, technology assessment, operating conditions, environment impact Carbon capture and storage (CCS): study of the capture technologies (pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion) and their application to the power plants
1. Fundamental aspects of the mechanics of partially saturated soils: -water retention curve; -permeability curve; -compressibility and strength 2.Fundamental aspects of the behavior of soils subjected to thermal loads 3. Application to settlements induced by water table variations, to the behavior of thermal piles, off-shore foundation behavior
Renewable energy sources: general framework; global, European and national context; energy balances and general development objectives. Distributed generation and combine heat and power, smart grid, fundamentals of energy management. • Energy from biomass: source availability, biomass properties, proximate and ultimate analysis, pre-treatment processes, legislative references. Thermochemical conversion processes: fixed and fluidized bed gasification; combustion; pyrolysis. Introduction to the use of simplified models and CFD for the representation of thermochemical processes. Biochemical processes: anaerobic biodigestion, production and temperature trends, residence times. Production technologies: powerplants based on steam, organic fluid, gas turbines and internal combustion engines. Performance assessment of biomass-powered plants. • Wind energy: availability of the source, statistical distributions of wind speed, potential producibility. Operating principles of wind turbine engines, Betz theory, vortex induction theory, finite number of blades effect, Blade Element Method. Load curves of wind turbines, control of aeromotors, power curves. Fundamentals of wind power plant design. Siting theory and description of design examples. • High and low enthalpy geothermal energy: Operating principles of geothermal energy conversion plants, ORC cycles, low temperature heat recovery • Hydroelectric power: availability of the source, hydraulic machines and hydraulic systems, exchange of energy between fluid and impeller according to the design specifications; mini and micro hydroelectric; hydroelectric energy from waves and tides. • Hybrid systems with electrochemical and hydrogen-based storage for the integration of renewable sources. Performance evaluation in terms of efficiency, potential for integrating sources, CO2 emissions. Description of sizing criteria for complex hybrid systems.
Fundamentals of electromagnetics. Interactions between electromagnetic waves and biologocial systems. Electromagnetics fields generated by electric lines and at industrial frequencies (plus use of software packages). High frequency devices. Methodologies for the measuremnt of electromagnetic fields at low and high frequencies. Regulation about electromagnetic pollution. Techiques for reduction to conformity to regulations
Fundamentals of Sanitary-Environmental Engineering: types of chemical reactors, mass balance, microbial growth kinetics, dissolved oxygen balance Chemico-physical characteristics of municipal wastewater Evolution of regulations for wastewater Sewer systems Municipal Wastewater Treatment plant scheme. Assessment of the incoming flowrate Pump station and Venturi Channel Pre-treatments: Screening, equalization, grit removal, Primary Treatment Suspended Growth Biological processes, Activated-sludge process, key parameters, operational problems, biological nitrogen removal, aeration basin, secondary clarifier. Attached Growth biological processes: trickling filters, MBR Disinfection processes Processing and Treatment of sludges: sludge characteristics and quantities, thickening, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, stabilization, dewatering Preliminary design criteria of the main wastewater and sludge treatment units Industrial wastewater; characteristics, compositions, sources, operational problems Management of industrial wastewater and BAT (Best Available Technologies) Advanced treatments: coagulation-flocculation, Advanced Oxidation Processes, Ion Exchange, Adsorption, Gas Stripping
The teaching, consists of 9 ECTS and require a diligence of the student of 210 hour: 90 hours of lessons with the teacher and 120 hours of application. At the end of teaching the student have to make, positively, a final examination consisting at first in a written test and in an oral test. The student have also to present the composition of the design established by the teacher. At the end, if the response is positive, the teacher establish a numerical evaluation between 18 to 30/30. On the contrary, the student is failed and have to repeat all the tests until to a positive response if he want that the 9 ETCS are valid for the final degree. Italian and EU regulation concerning the waste management. Classification (according to Italian and EU regulation) and main properties of wastes. Quantity and quality of the produced wastes considering their origin. Waste collection and transportation: techniques, systems and design criteria. Waste recovery and waste disposal: main techniques and systems. The Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plants: techniques, systems and design criteria for the municipal solid waste. The biological treatment of the waste: aerobic stabilization, composting, anaerobic digestion; techniques, systems and design criteria for the municipal solid waste. Waste to Energy (WTE) treatment plants: basilar processes; combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. The MSW Waste to energy incineration plant: techniques, systems and design criteria. The air pollution control system: techniques, facilities and design criteria. The residues of the process: characterization, environmental behaviour and evaluation of their recovery and/or disposal. The sanitary landfill: techniques, systems and design criteria. Leachate collection systems and treatment. Biogas collection systems, treatment and energy utilization/recovery. Exercitation on the main subject of the teaching. Final design of a waste management system (i.e. waste collection system or a MBT plant or a WTE plant or a Sanitary Landfill)
Regulatory Framework, Soil and Groundwater Characterization, Risk Analysis (Introduction and General Criteria, Transport Factors, Selection of Representative Parameters with Statistical Recalls), Analysis of ISoil Gases (Soil Gas Nesty Probes and Flux Chambers), Introduction to Remediation Technologies, Pump &Treat and Supernatant Product Recovery, Soil Vapor Extraction, Air Sparging, Multi Phase Extraction , In-situ chemical oxidation, PermeableReactive Barriers, Safety measures: Capping, Physical Barriers, Bioremediation, In Situ Remediation with Micro and Nanoscale Products, Brownfields, Phytoremediation, MNA and NSZD, Environmental Forensic, Sustainability of Reclamation
Contents: - Key topics covered during the course are listed below : Basics: the energy equation and analysis of work exchange between the fluid and the machine, similarity theory , dimensionless parameters. Specific speed of the machines and its use as a choice criterion. Machine classification and applications Incompressible fluid machines : Dynamic Pumps: type, operation, different field of utilization based on the specific speed; prevalence, work, power, efficiency, performance curves. Suction issues and limit the height of suction, cavitation. Reciprocating positive displacement pumps: fields of application and operating principles , flow rate and volumetric efficiency . Rotary positive displacement pumps : field of application , type and operating principles. Compressible fluid machines : Energy transfer, operating characteristic curves on the plane H-Q. Radial compressors: design characteristics, velocity triangles as a function of the curvature of rotor blades . Reciprocating displacement compressors: design characteristics, expression of the volumetric efficiency , double-acting compressors and multi-stage intercooling and its advantages, the indicated diagram, volumetric flow, work, power, efficiency. Rotary displacement compressors : design characteristics and working principles Circuits : Calculation of the external characteristic for simple and complex circuits . Concentrated and distributed losses, Circuit/machine coupling issues. Flow rate regulation for pumps and compressors Pumps in series and in parallel. Treatment and distribution of fluids , tanks, distribution lines, treatment groups . Fundamentals of Hydraulics and Pneumatic Actuators , Pneumatic Cylinders : description , performance, types , sizes , connections and choice. Hydraulic motors and tires . More information about the course and lessons , especially the examples discussed in class and exam papers are made available through the pages of the course at: http://didattica.uniroma2.it
Chemistry and environment. Air, water, soil and living organisms. Element cycles in the environment. Atmospheric pollution. Analytical techniques for the pollutant detection. Spectroscopy principles. UV-visible spectroscopy. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Atomic absorption. Nuclear magnetic resonances. Mass spectrospy. Gas Chromatography. GC-MS. Liquid chromatography. HPLC. Chemical sensors, Biosensors and Sensor arrays. Exploitation of chemical sensors in the environmental analyses. Nuclear chemistry. Radioactivity. Non chemical sources of pollution (physical: noise; temperature, etc; biological: microorganisms, insects, etc.)
Fundamentals of electromagnetics and wave propagation Electromagnetic fields regulation Interactions between electromagnetic fieds and biological tissues Electromagnetic fields generated by power lines Software packages for power lines fields simulation Electromagnetic impact of radiofrequency devices Methodologies for electromagnetic fieds measurements (indoor and outdoor) Electromagnetic fields sensors and measurement devices Technologies for field reduction
Basic Physical Oceanography. Generality. Characteristics of the seas. Tides. Static tidal theory. The earth-moon system. The resultant of mass forces. The surface of equilibrium. The inequality of the tides: effect of the terrestrial declination. The effect of the attraction of the sun. The synodic month, the quadrature and syzygy tides. Notes on the dynamic theories of tides. The harmonic representation of tides, tide tables, other synthetic representations of tides. Wind. Baric currents and the influence of Coriolis acceleration. Wind classification, wind and sea roses, anemometer. Circulation of constant winds (trade winds, polar currents). Geostrophic wind, hurricanes and cyclones Wave motion. Characteristics of wave motion. Linear theory of wave motion. Equations of motion and boundary conditions. Scales of the phenomenon. Celerity of the progressive wave. Linearization of motion equations and boundary conditions. Solution of the potential for progressive wave on constant seabed. The dispersion relationship. The speed of wave propagation. The limit of shallow waters and deep waters. Orbital particle velocity. Pressure within a wave. Deep and shallow water limits. Particle trajectories. Deep and shallow water limits. General characteristics of a cylindrical wave that propagates in the plane. Phase function, wave number vector, energy flow. The standing wave. Problem definition, boundary conditions, solution. Partial reflection. Group velocity. Kinematic approach. Sum of harmonic components, narrow banded spectrum: calculation of the resulting wave. Carrier wave modulated in amplitude. Celerity of the modulation wave and relation to phase speed. Deep water and shallow water limits. Dynamic approach. Calculation of kinetic energy. Calculation of potential energy. Energy equipartition principle. Energy flux in a progressive wave. Wave motion transformation Diffraction. Generality. Equations that govern the phenomenon. Applications and examples. Wave motion in shallow water. The phenomenon of shoaling. The phenomenon of refraction. Snell's law. Wave plans. Practical examples: headlands, bays, shoals, canals. Breaking waves in shallow waters. Empirical relationships. Evaluation of wave height and depth at breaking according to the characteristics of the offshore wave. Wave breaking in deep waters. Sea level variations. Combination of astronomical and meteorological tide, wind set-up, wave set-up, storm surge. Radiation stresses: wave set-up and longshore currents. Representation of real wave motion. Short term analysis. Zero-crossing method to evaluate wave height in a time series. Significant wave height. The example of a two-frequency spectrum. The example of a narrow banded spectrum. Rayleigh distribution. Application of the Rayleigh probability density function to the calculation of significant wave height and other reference waveheights (average, 1/10) as a function of the root mean square wave height. Extreme wave statistics or Long term statistics. Recording and measurement of wave motion. The wave atlas. Wave generation and forecasting. The SMB method Coastal Structures Rubble mound breakwaters. Type and consistency. Hudson's formula. Van der Meer formula. Filtration motion inside the dam body. Overtopping. Stability formula derivation frome the equilibrium criterion. Vertical wall. Types, operating principles, design. Wave actions on structures.
The course (6 CFU) is structured in an applied theoretical activity focused on the preparation of two project documents to be prepared during the course under the guidance and revision of the teachers. As regards the application to waste treatment plants, the topics addressed concern: Waste collection and transportation; Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plants; biological treatment of the waste: aerobic stabilization, composting, anaerobic digestion; Waste to Energy (WTE) treatment plants: techniques, systems and design criteria; air pollution control system: techniques, facilities and design criteria. The teaching, consists of 9 ECTS and require a diligence of the student of 210 hour: 90 hours of lessons with the teacher and 120 hours of application. At the end of teaching the student have to make, positively, a final examination consisting at first in a written test and in an oral test. The student have also to present the composition of the design established by the teacher. At the end, if the response is positive, the teacher establish a numerical evaluation between 18 to 30/30. On the contrary, the student is failed and have to repeat all the tests until to a positive response if he want that the 9 ETCS are valid for the final degree. As regards the application to dynamics of pollutants, the topics addressed concern:
Geological aspects: sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic rocks; geological maps; discontinuities of rock masses; quarries; Mechanics of partially saturated soils: soils compaction; effective pressure and filtration in soils; Earthworks and river banks: dragging actions and erosion; stability of earthworks under static or dynamic actions; effectiveness of diaphragms in embankments and foundation soils. Effects of soil erosion on the safety of foundations of river bridges. Ground motion induced by drainage, underground excavations, underground erosion; measures for controlling and reducing displacements. Safety of the foundations of fluvial bridges. Debris flows.
