Corso di laurea - Area di Ingegneria - Accesso libero con prova di verifica obbligatoria delle conoscenze richieste per l'ammissione al corso. L'esito della prova non preclude la possibilità di immatricolarsi (D.M. 270/2004) - Classe L-9
Informazioni generali
Descrizione e obiettivi formativi:
L'obiettivo del percorso formativo è quello di approfondire — dopo una salda preparazione di base nelle discipline matematiche, fisiche e chimiche — lo studio dei processi di conversione e trasformazione dell’energia fino ad arrivare a trattare le macchine a fluido ed elettriche, gli impianti ed i sistemi energetici convenzionali, avanzati ed innovativi, nonché dei fondamenti dell’ingegneria ambientale.
Il corso si pone innanzitutto l’obiettivo di fornire una salda preparazione nelle discipline di base (matematica, fisica, chimica, informatica), fondamentali per la formazione di un ingegnere; intende quindi fornire conoscenze approfondite nelle discipline caratterizzanti l’ingegneria industriale, con particolare riferimento a quelle in cui si illustrano i processi di conversione, trasformazione e distribuzione delle diverse forme di energia (chimica, elettrica, meccanica, termica, etc.), nonché l’impiego dei fluidi tecnici nelle applicazioni ingegneristiche. Ulteriore obiettivo del corso è infine quello di garantire una preparazione di base nelle discipline fondamentali o dell’ingegneria meccanica o dell’ingegneria ambientale, a seconda del curriculum scelto.
Il percorso formativo si articola in due curricula, con un percorso comune comprendente insegnamenti obbligatori per un consistente numero di crediti, in modo da garantire una preparazione comune sulle discipline fondamentali, oltre alle attività a scelta dello studente e alle altre attività (lingua straniera, altre attività formative, prova finale); il percorso è completato da insegnamenti obbligatori differenziati per i due indirizzi.
Più specificamente, il primo anno e il primo semestre del secondo anno sono dedicati essenzialmente alle materie di base, con l’eccezione degli insegnamenti di disegno tecnico e fisica tecnica. Nel secondo semestre del secondo anno si completa la preparazione nell’ambito della chimica e si affrontano gli insegnamenti nell’ambito dell’ingegneria dei materiali.
Il terzo anno è costituito da un percorso comune che comprende gli insegnamenti che coprono discipline di particolare rilievo per il percorso di studi: elettrotecnica, macchine a fluido, sistemi per l’energia e l’ambiente, ingegneria ambientale. Nei due curricula proposti sono infine presenti gli insegnamenti che coprono discipline relative all’ingegneria meccanica, oppure un ulteriore approfondimento sull’ingegneria ambientale e sui sistemi energetici.
Sbocchi professionali:Il corso fornisce le competenze necessarie a gestire, sotto la supervisione di ingegneri esperti, sistemi energetici e ambientali anche complessi.
In particolare, i possibili sbocchi professionali riguardano:
Condizione occupazionale (indicatori di efficacia e livello di soddisfazione dei laureandi):
http://statistiche.almalaurea.it/universita/statistiche/trasparenza?CODICIONE=0580206200900009
Valutazione della didattica - Studenti
Anno accademico precedente
Sito web:
http://www.energetica.uniroma2.it/
Coordinatore:
Prof. Michela Vellini
tel. 06 7259 7203
e-mail vellini@ing.uniroma2.it
Segreteria didattica:
Sig.ra Anna Mezzanotte
tel. 06 7259 7156
e-mail: anna.mezzanotte@uniroma2.it
TRhaep pdreessiegnnt ainz itohnee p droi dcuocmtipolne scsyicvlie m. Tececcahnniiccia. lC ceonmnmi. unication in the product development cycle: representation, uses, transmission of information. Standardization and regulation: ISO and UNI, unification, unification bodies. Basic rules of drawing. Axonometries. Orthogonal projections. Views and reversals. Sections. Intersection and development of surfaces. Special conventions of representation. Dimensioning. Functional dimensioning, machining dimensioning and technological processes. Tolerances. Dimensional tolerances. Designation and selection of tolerances for bore-shaft connections using the ISO system. Roughness and surface states. Significant parameters, indications on drawing. Main mobile links. Threaded connections and anti-unscrewing devices: characteristics and designation of threads and threaded elements. Tabs and keys. General information on
- Introduction to problem solving - Algorithms - Computer Architecture - Flow Diagram - Programming languages, software compilation and execution (execution cycle) - Variables - Data types - Floating point single and double precision - Nyquist theorem - Signal spectrum - Matlab data typing - Matlab types: number, logic and character - Data operations - Data vector - Vector operations - Matrices (creation and manipulation) - Matrices operations - Flow control (if-then-else, switch, for, while) - Matlab Functions - Debugging techniques - Sorting algorithms - Complexity
Thermodynamics Basic concepts: the International System (SI) of units and the thermodynamics system. Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics in closed and open systems. Entropy and second law of thermodynamics. Technical systems in thermodynamics: closed system (heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps) and open systems (compressor, turbine, valve, mixture chamber, heat exchanger, pipe and duct flow). The properties of substances: ideal gas, phase change process, moist air properties and psychrometric diagram. The gas power cycles. The vapor power cycles. The refrigeration cycles. Thermofluid dynamics The mass conservation law. The energy conservation: the generalized Bernoulli equation. Incompressible flow in pipes: laminar and turbulent flows, Reynolds experience, head losses. Pressure losses in a methane pipe flow and in a chimney: effects of variable physical properties. Compressible flows: speed of sound and Mach number, stagnation properties, isentropic flow through nozzles. Heat Transfer Basic modes of heat transfer: fundamental laws, units and dimensions. Electrical analogy. Steady and transient conduction. Heat transfer by radiation: thermal radiation and black body, Planck's, Stefan-Boltzmann's and Wien's law. Radiation properties. Enclosures with black surfaces. Enclosures with gray surfaces. Enclosures with gases. Convection heat transfer: the physical mechanism. Boundary layer fundamentals. Evaluation of heat transfer coefficient. Dimensional analysis: Buckingham theorem and Nusselt number. Analytical solution for a flow over a flat plate. Natural and forced convection. Forced convection inside tubes and ducts. Forced convection over external surfaces. Applications Thermometry: gas and resistance thermometers, optical pyrometer. Flow rate and velocity measurements: Pitot and Venturi tubes. Heat exchangers: condensers and evaporators.
Energy sources: non-renewable and renewable; Analysis of energy production and world consumption for non-renewable sources (oil, coal, methane); Carbon chemistry: characteristics of the main functional groups in organic compounds. Nomenclature and characteristics of: alkanes, alkenes. Nomenclature and characteristics of compounds with heteroatoms: alcohols and ethers, thiols and sulfides, amines and phosphines. Carboxylic compounds and derivatives. Reactions of alkenes and halides General information on the reactions of the carbonyl group. Practical experience on soap preparation from exhausted and commercial oils and NaOH Identification of functional groups. Oil composition and use. Refining process. Polymers, general information on synthetic mechanisms. Isomerization reactions, Cracking and Reforming. Synthetic fuels: Fischer-Tropsh process. Energy from combustion reactions: general information on combustion processes. Coal gasification: water gas and water gas conversion process. Main remarks on combustion pollution: greenhouse effect, acid rain and ozone. Infrared spectroscopy. Biomasses, classifications and uses. Energy from biomass: Pyrolysis. Wood treatment, use for energy purposes Organic fuels: bioethanol and derivatives, methanol. Methane, fermentation processes. Organic fuels: oils and biodiesel Treatment of urban solid waste
The hypotheses of linear elasticity. One-dimensional beam-like bodies: geometry, kinematics, loads and internal actions. Frames and systems composed of multiple beams: junctions, disconnections, symmetry. One-dimensional beam models: Bernoulli-Navier model, Timoshenko model, constitutive equations, governing differential equations. Virtual power and virtual work equation for beams and frames. Calculation of displacements in isostatic systems. Resolution of statically underdetermined structures by Mueller-Breslau equations. Bukling instability, bifurcation diagrams, load and geometry imperfections, Euler buckling load, design against buckling.
The course is divided into a preliminary part and a more specialized one. The preliminary part is aimed at introducing students to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with specific attention to: - the economic and environmental bases of the concept of Sustainable Development - the social dimension linked to Sustainable Development - a more detailed analysis of SDGs, also on the basis of currently available data. In the specialized part, some topics related to specific SDGs will be covered in depth, with particular reference to the role of firms and technological change. Furthermore, the possibility of "voluntary" cooperation in pursuing these objectives and the role of the state will be explored. Particular attention will be paid to potential synergies, but also to possible conflicts across different objectives. Finally, depending on the number of attending students, an "experiment" will be set up, aimed at a deeper understanding of the main aspects of economic analysis of the SDGs.
Introduzione to SdGs related to environmental impacts but also to economical and social issues. Discussion of SdGs and of main indicators. Criteria for the evaluation of SdGs indicators. International guidelines for the environmental and social reporting. Green and sustainable metrics for universities. The sustanable universities national network and its guidelines for climate change mitigation, compensation and adaptation. Analysis and application of specific tools for the assessment of the environmental impacys of anthropogenic activities on environmental matrices (air, water, soil), which can be used within the policies aimed at preserving or regenerating their capacity to provide services to the ecosystems. Case study and application of Life Cycle Assessment.
Notations and formulas used. Material properties. Substantial derivatives, transport theorem. Equation of continuity. Stress tensor, cardinal and undefined equations of motion. Strain rate tensor. Vector form of the acceleration, trajectories, stream lines and emission lines. Velocity and acceleration potentials, stream function, vorticity. Equations of fluid statics. Equilibrium in the presence of mass forces. Hydrostatic forces on flat and curved surfaces. Equilibrium of immersed and floating bodies and relative stability. Pressure measuring instruments. Equations of motion for ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem. Boundary conditions, limitations to the scheme, baroclinic motions. Examples of plane irrotational motions. Stress tensor and motion equations of viscous fluids. Motion in cylindrical tubes, distributed resistance coefficients. Flow induced motions from moving walls. Low speed motions, the case of lubrication. Turbulent motion, average and fluctuating velocity components. Equations of mean motion, the Reynolds stress tensor. Aspects of average turbulent motion, velocity distribution. Global equations of fluid dynamics and their applications. Free phenomena, pipe entrance, section enlargements. Jets impinging on surfaces. Kutta and Joukowsky theorem Genesis of vorticity. Rayleigh, Stokes and Hiemenz problems Laminar boundary layer. Turbulent boundary layer. Separation of the boundary layer Uniform motion in pressure pipe flow. Equations and pressure drops. Resistance laws of smooth and rough pipes and commercial pipes. Practical formulas, design and verification problems. Steady motion in pipe flow. Gradual variations of pipe section. Localized losses. Pipeline connecting two tanks. Siphon. Flow meters. Unsteady motion in pipe flow. The equations of motion of a current. Mass oscillations. Elastic oscillations. Simplified equations. Water hammer. Closing / opening maneuver. Allievi's equations. Uniform motion of free-surface currents. Specific load and critical depth. Critical speed, subcritical and supercritical currents. Critical slope. Coefficient of resistance. Steady motion of free surface currents. Flow scale. Equations of gradually varied steady motion. Natural rivers. Currents in a cylindrical channel. Current profiles in a sloping cylindrical channel. The hydraulic jump. Section changes of change, transition through the critical state: flow meters. Weirs. Unsteady motion of free surface currents Equations of motion. The case of rectangular channels without friction. Flood waves, kinematic model, parabolic model. Elements of the theory of similarity. Dimensional analysis. The principle of dimensional homogeneity. The Pi-theorem. Applications. The concept of models and similarity. The geometric similarity, kinematics and dynamics. Issues related to compliance with the similarity of Froude and Reynolds.
General part: general theory of measurement, direct and indirect measurements, sensors, actuators, transducers; sensors, signal conditioner, measurement presentation; measurement signals in the time domain: steady state, periodic and pulse quantities, amplitude, frequency and phase response, delay, rise time, response speed, Fourier series analysis of a signal; measurement system: zero order instruments, first and second order; response of different order instruments to step pulse, ramp, delta Dirac pulse and periodic oscillations; metrological (static) characteristics of the instruments: calibration uncertainty, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, type A and type B uncertainty; statistical data processing, uncertainty propagation, least squares regression. Description of the different methods and instruments: length and shift measurement, strain gage theory; measurement of time and frequency; mass measurement; speed measurement; acceleration and vibration measurements; force and torque measurement; pressure and vacuum measurement; fluid dynamics measurements: hot wire and laser anemometry; temperature measurement. Laboratory experiments: measurement of the thickness of a plate; analysis of a periodic signal in Fourier series; calibration of thermometers; strain gage measurement of the strain of a loaded metallic plate.
Fundamentals of thermodynamics applied to fluid machinery. The First and the Second Law of the Thermodynamics, the thermodynamic irreversibility and entropy generation. The energy equation in thermodynamic and mechanical terms. Properties of working fluids. Transformations of working fluids: work exchanged, efficiency and power in the compression and expansion phases. Fundamentals of fluid dynamics applied to fluid machinery The cardinal equations of fluid flows. The mechanics equation in turbomachinery channels. The Euler Equation. Fuid flows in turbomachinery ducts: nozzles and diffusers. Fluid machinery. Working principles of urbomachinery: generalities on turbomachinery, fluid flow in stator and rotor and work exchange in the rotor. The radial equilibrium: the free vortex law. Analysis of turbomachinery stages. Impulse stage and reaction stage: characteristic stages of axial turbines. Turbomachinery selection. Hydraulic driving turbomachines: general considerations and characteristic parameters; classification of hydraulic turbines; criteria for selecting a hydraulic turbine; Pelton turbines; reaction turbines: Francis and Kaplan. Hydraulic driven turbomachinery: general considerations and characteristic parameters; classification of dynamic pumps; the phenomenon of cavitation; criteria for selecting a dynamic pump; pump performance curves. Positive displacement machines: generalities and working principles, reciprocating positive displacement compressors, reciprocating positive displacement pumps. Thermodynamic analysis of conversion cycles: extension of the First and the Second Laws of Thermodynamics to multi-input and multi-output systems; analysis of energy conversion cycles; basic thermodynamic cycles for energy conversion systems. Cycles with steam turbines: generalities on the reference cycle and on the relative basic plant scheme, limit and real basic cycle, thermodynamic analysis of the basic cycle, modifications to the basic cycle: steam reheating and thermal regeneration; power plant schemes and overall performance. Cycles with gas turbomachinery: generalities on the reference cycle and on the relative basic plant scheme; thermodynamic analysis of the ideal and limit cycle; thermodynamic analysis of the real simplified cycle; possible modifications to the basic cycle: regeneration, intercooled compression and interheated expansion, complex cycles; power plant schemes and overall performance Gas-steam combined cycles: thermodynamic considerations; expression of the thermodynamic efficiency and the ratio of the two cycle powers; power plant schemes and characteristic parameters. Cycles with reciprocating machines: operating principles and classification of ICEs, the combustion phase; reference ideal and limit cycles; real cycle (indicated cycle); performance and fields of application.
Il programma del Corso si articola in due parti interrelate tra loro. La prima parte è incentrata sulla relazione/interazione tra sistema economico e ambiente (inteso sia come fornitore di materie prime e servizi, sia come “sink” per l’inquinamento atmosferico, idrico, acustico e lo smaltimento dei rifiuti solidi). Tali tematiche sono funzionali alla comprensione della seconda parte del Corso, in cui si esaminano in dettaglio le nuove sfide ambientali che le imprese si trovano e si troveranno a fronteggiare e le opportunità di innovazioni verdi. Nello specifico, il corso prevede la trattazione dettagliata dei seguenti macro-argomenti: 1. I problemi ambientali: una introduzione 2. I principali strumenti di intervento pubblico 3. Finanza d’impresa e ambiente: il ruolo della finanza nella sostenibilità ambientale e nella crescita verde 4. La valutazione economica degli investimenti verdi 5. La misurazione della sostenibilità degli investimenti verdi 6. Esame di alcuni casi di studio nei settori della green economy (risorse idriche, energie rinnovabili, rifiuti) 7. Quale ruolo per la finanza nel fronteggiare il cambiamento climatico?
